Table 2.
Downregulated miRNA and their functional role in GBM
| miRNA | Target | Functional role when overexpressed | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hsa-mir-7 | FAK, EGFR, IRS2 | Viability↓, Migration↓, Invasiveness↓, Proliferation↓, In vivo tumor volume↓, Radiosensitivity↓ | [25, 27, 31, 62–65] |
| Hsa-mir-29b | PDPNd | Invasiveness↓ Proliferation↓ Apoptosis↑ | [25, 36, 45, 114] |
| Hsa-mir-32bc | Mdm2, TSC1 | In vivo tumor volume↓ | [24, 45, 78] |
| Hsa-mir-34aac | SIRT1d, c-Met, Notch1/2, PDGFRAd, Msi1 | Viability↓, Proliferation↓, Apoptosis↑, Invasiveness↓, In vivo tumor volume↓, Differentiation↑ | [67–71] |
| Hsa-mir-100 | ATM | Radiosensitivity↑ | [115] |
| Hsa-mir-101b | EZH2 Msi1 | Angiogenesis↓, Migration↓, Viability↓, Proliferation↓ | [71, 79] |
| Hsa-mir-124 | SNAI2d | Proliferation↓, Migration↓, Invasiveness↓, Stemness↓ | [12, 24–27, 35–37, 45, 52, 116, 117] |
| Hsa-mir-125a | Invasiveness↓ | [45, 114] | |
| Hsa-mir-128ac | WEE1, p70S6K1, Msi1, E2F3a, Bmi-1, EGFRd, PDGFRAd | Angiogenesis↓, Proliferation↓, In vivo tumor volume↓ | [22, 24–26, 31, 35, 37, 52, 55, 71–75] |
| Hsa-mir-128b | WEE1 | [12, 22, 25, 26, 35, 37, 52] | |
| Hsa-mir-129 | [24–27, 101] | ||
| Hsa-mir-132 | [12, 24–26, 31, 35, 52] | ||
| Hsa-mir-135ac | STAT6, Smad5, BMPR2 | Inhibition causes: In vivo tumor volume↓, Apoptosis↑ | [118] |
| Hsa-mir-137ac | CDK6, Msi1, Cox-2 | Proliferation↓, Invasiveness↓, Migration↓, In vivo tumor volume↓ | [25–27, 35, 45, 52, 71, 77] |
| Hsa-mir-138 | Msi1 | Proliferation↓ | [24, 37, 71] |
| Hsa-mir-139-5p | [12, 25–27, 31] | ||
| Hsa-mir-146b-5pc | EGFRd | Invasiveness↓, Migration↓, Proliferation↓, In vivo tumor volume↓ | [119] |
| Hsa-mir-149 | RAP1B, Wnt-pathway | Proliferation↓, Migration↓ | [31, 37] |
| Hsa-mir-153 | Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Irs-2 | Proliferation↓, Viability↓, Apoptosis↑ | [26, 120] |
| Hsa-mir-181a | Bcl-2 | Proliferation↓, Apoptosis↑, Invasiveness↓, Radiosensitivity↑ | [22, 37, 121, 122] |
| Hsa-mir-181b | Proliferation↓, Apoptosis↑, Invasiveness↓ | [22, 37, 45, 53, 121] | |
| Hsa-mir-181dc | Bcl-2, K-Rasd | Proliferation↓, Apoptosis↑, In vivo tumor volume↓ | [123] |
| Hsa-mir-184 | Akt2d | Apoptosis↑, Invasiveness↓ | [30] |
| Hsa-mir-185 | DNMT1 | DNA methylation↓ | [124] |
| Hsa-mir-218 | IKK-βd | Invasiveness↓ | [25–27, 125] |
| Hsa-mir-326bc | Notch-1/2, PKM2d | Proliferation↓, Apoptosis↑, Viability↓, Invasiveness↓, In vivo tumor volume↓ | [80, 81] |
| Hsa-mir-483-5pb | ERK1d | Proliferation↓ | [24, 83] |
| Hsa-mir-491-5pb | MMP9d | Invasiveness↓ | [37, 82] |
miRNAs consistently downregulated in glioblastoma. The table presents miRNAs with observed effects upon their upregulation and their validated targets. The cell lines in which the studies have been performed are presented. Only miRNAs that are investigated in greater than or equal to five studies and/or have a validated target are included in this table. The cell lines applied in the annotated studies can be found in Supplementary Table 1
aMentioned in the section “MicroRNAs downregulated in Glioblastoma Multiforme”
bMentioned in the section “MicroRNAs Downregulated in Glioblastoma Multiforme with Limited Functional Characterization”
cMicroRNAs whose upregulation is shown to inhibit tumor growth in vivo
dTargets involved in the mesenchymal mode of migration and invasion