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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Surg. 2012 Oct 11;216(1):123–134. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.08.027

Table 3.

Milan Criteria for Indication to Liver Transplantation in Patients with Unresectable Neuroendocrine Liver Metastasis

Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
1. Confirmed histology of carcinoid tumor (low-grade neuroendocrine tumors) with or without syndrome 1. Small-cell carcinoma and high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (noncarcinoid tumors)
2. Primary tumor drained by the portal system (pancreas and intermediate gut: from distal stomach to sigmoid colon) removed with a curative resection (pretransplantation removal of all extrahepatic tumor deposits) through surgical procedures different and separate from transplantation 2. Other medical/surgical conditions contraindicating liver transplantation, including previous tumors
3. Metastatic diffusion to liver parenchyma ≤50% 3. Nongastrointestinal carcinoids or tumors not drained by the portal system
4. Good response or stable disease for at least 6 months during the pretransplantation period
5. Age 55 years or younger

Reprinted from Journal of Hepatology, vol 47, Mazzaferro B, Regalia E, Doci R, et al, Neuroendocrine tumors metastatic to the liver: how to select patients for liver transplantation? pages 460–466 [59], Copyright 2007, with permission from Elsevier.