Table 1.
Clinical, biochemical, metabolic and vascular characteristics of the study groups
| Variables | Type 1 diabetes | Controls | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) |
18 ± 1.5 |
18 ± 1.7 |
0.75 |
| Sex (female/male) |
8/12 |
13/7 |
0.11 |
| Pubertal stage nr (%) |
|
|
0.28 |
| 2 |
1 |
0 |
|
| 4 |
2 |
2 |
|
| 5 |
17 |
18 |
|
| Smoking (n) |
1 |
4 |
0.38 |
| Body weight (kg) |
71.4 ± 15.7 |
68.1 ± 11.3 |
0.54 |
| Height (cm) |
174 ± 11 |
173 ± 8 |
0.84 |
| BMI (kg/m2) |
23.5 ± 3.8 |
22.8 ± 4.0 |
0.44 |
| Waist circumference (cm) |
81.7 ± 14 |
76.2 ± 9 |
0.17 |
| sBP (mmHg) |
116 ± 12 |
116 ± 13 |
0.95 |
| dBP (mmHg) |
72 ± 9 |
73 ± 8 |
0.83 |
| Diabetes duration yrs (range) |
7.3 ± 4 (1–14) |
- |
|
| Insulin dose U/kg/day |
0.9 ± 0.2 |
- |
|
| Retinopathy |
|||
| None |
12 |
- |
|
| Mild |
7 |
- |
|
| Moderate |
1 |
- |
|
| Microalbuminuria (yes/no) |
2/18 |
0/20 |
|
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) |
8.6 ± 3.6 |
4.6 ± 0.3 |
|
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) |
74 ± 18.6 |
35 ± 1.9 |
|
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/l) |
0.1 ± 0.4 |
0.5 ± 0.2 |
|
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) |
3.9 ± 0.8 |
3.6 ± 0.8 |
0.18 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) |
0.8 ± 0.3 |
0.8 ± 0.3 |
0.87 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
1.3 ± 0.3 |
1.4 ± 0.3 |
0.36 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) |
2.2 ± 0.9 |
1.9 ± 0.5 |
0.13 |
| hsCRP (mg/l) |
2.1 ± 2.9 |
1.8 ± 2.8 |
0.75 |
| GIR (mg/kg/min) |
5.0 ± 2.1 |
7.1 ± 2.2 |
<0.01 |
| Si index [(10-4 dl/kg/min)/(μU/ml)] |
10.2 ± 6.7 |
14.8 ± 5.7 |
<0.05 |
| cIMT (mm) |
0.52 ± 0.1 |
0.47 ± 0.1 |
<0.01 |
| CIMA (mm2) |
9.92 ± 0.8 |
8.94 ± 1.3 |
<0.01 |
| Lumen diameter (mm) | 5.58 ± 0.3 | 5.56 ± 0.4 | 0.85 |
cIMT, intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery; CIMA, cross-sectional intima-media area; GIR, glucose infusion rate; Si index (see text for definition); sBP, systolic blood pressure; dBP, diastolic blood pressure; Pubertal stage is defined as Tanner stage B1-5 for girls and G1-5 for boys, as well as gonadal development.