Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by need level and randomization group
| |
Total sample1(N=575) |
Moderate needs2(N=378) |
High needs2(N=197) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
Control (N=174) |
Treatment (N=204) |
|
Control (N=100) |
Treatment (N=97) |
|
|
| Mean ± SD or N (%) | Missing N (% of 575) | Mean ± SD or N (%) | P value | Mean ± SD or N (%) | P value | |||
|
Demgraphics | ||||||||
| Age |
|
0 (0.0) |
|
|
0.861 |
|
|
0.340 |
| <30 |
138 (24.0) |
|
41 (23.6) |
51 (25.0) |
|
19 (19.0) |
27 (27.8) |
|
| 30-39 |
134 (23.3) |
|
41 (23.6) |
47 (23.0) |
|
22 (22.0) |
24 (24.7) |
|
| 40-49 |
183 (31.8) |
|
53 (30.5) |
67 (32.8) |
|
34 (34.0) |
29 (29.9) |
|
| ≥50 |
120 (20.9) |
|
39 (22.4) |
39 (19.1) |
|
25 (25.0) |
17 (17.5) |
|
| Gender |
|
0 (0.0) |
|
|
0.059 |
|
|
0.075 |
| Female |
170 (29.6) |
|
54 (31.0) |
65 (31.9) |
|
19 (19.0) |
32 (33.0) |
|
| Male |
394 (68.5) |
|
113 (64.9) |
138 (67.6) |
|
79 (79.0) |
64 (66.0) |
|
| Other3 |
11 (1.9) |
|
7 (4.0) |
1 (0.5) |
|
2 (2.0) |
1 (1.0) |
|
| Country of birth |
|
1 (0.2) |
|
|
0.668 |
|
|
0.610 |
| Canada |
312 (54.3) |
|
90 (51.7) |
101 (49.5) |
|
60 (60.0) |
61 (63.5) |
|
| Other |
262 (45.6) |
|
84 (48.3) |
103 (50.5) |
|
40 (40.0) |
35 (36.5) |
|
| Native language |
|
0 (0.0) |
|
|
0.301 |
|
|
0.145 |
| English |
369 (64.2) |
|
104 (59.8) |
123 (60.3) |
|
69 (69.0) |
73 (75.3) |
|
| French |
17 (3.0) |
|
3 (1.7) |
9 (4.4) |
|
1 (1.0) |
4 (4.1) |
|
| Other |
189 (32.9) |
|
67 (38.5) |
72 (35.3) |
|
30 (30.0) |
20 (20.6) |
|
| Ethnic or cultural identity |
|
0 (0.0) |
|
|
0.265 |
|
|
0.361 |
| Aboriginal |
28 (4.9) |
|
8 (4.6) |
10 (4.9) |
|
3 (3.0) |
7 (7.2) |
|
| Ethno-racial4 |
338 (58.8) |
|
102 (58.6) |
135 (66.2) |
|
54 (54.0) |
47 (48.5) |
|
| Non ethno-racial5 |
209 (36.3) |
|
64 (36.8) |
59 (28.9) |
|
43 (43.0) |
43 (44.3) |
|
| Marital status |
|
3 (0.5) |
|
|
0.943 |
|
|
0.650 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed |
152 (26.4) |
|
51 (29.3) |
57 (28.1) |
|
25 (25.0) |
19 (20.0) |
|
| Married/cohabitating with partner |
21 (3.7) |
|
6 (3.4) |
8 (3.9) |
|
4 (4.0) |
3 (3.2) |
|
| Single, never married |
399 (69.4) |
|
117 (67.2) |
138 (68.0) |
|
71 (71.0) |
73 (76.8) |
|
| Number of children |
|
8 (1.4) |
|
|
0.260 |
|
|
0.105 |
| 0 |
410 (71.3) |
|
125 (72.7) |
139 (68.1) |
|
74 (77.1) |
72 (75.8) |
|
| 1 |
80 (13.9) |
|
23 (13.4) |
38 (18.6) |
|
8 (8.3) |
11 (11.6) |
|
| 2 |
55 (9.6) |
|
18 (10.5) |
15 (7.4) |
|
14 (14.6) |
8 (8.4) |
|
| ≥3 |
22 (3.8) |
|
6 (3.5) |
12 (5.9) |
|
0 (0.0) |
4 (4.2) |
|
|
Homelessness | ||||||||
| Current status |
|
0 (0.0) |
|
|
0.633 |
|
|
0.284 |
| Absolutely homeless |
535 (93.0) |
|
161 (92.5) |
186 (91.2) |
|
97 (97.0) |
91 (93.8) |
|
| Precariously housed |
40 (7.0) |
|
13 (7.5) |
18 (8.8) |
|
3 (3.0) |
6 (6.2) |
0.207 |
| Total length of homelessness During lifetime (years) |
5.25 ± 6.19 |
13 (2.3) |
4.86 ± 5.82 |
4.56 ± 5.63 |
0.599 |
7.13 ± 7.34 |
5.57 ± 6.42 |
0.122 |
| Longest period of homelessness (years) |
2.92 ± 4.54 |
8 (1.4) |
2.58 ± 3.61 |
2.50 ± 4.12 |
0.855 |
4.07 ± 5.81 |
3.29 ± 5.27 |
0.388 |
|
Education and employment | ||||||||
| Education history |
|
2 (0.3) |
|
|
0.346 |
|
|
0.273 |
| < High school |
279 (48.5) |
|
75 (43.4) |
103 (50.5) |
|
53 (53.5) |
48 (49.5) |
|
| Completed high school |
108 (18.8) |
|
36 (20.8) |
34 (16.7) |
|
22 (22.2) |
16 (16.5) |
|
| Some post-secondary school |
186 (32.3) |
|
62 (35.8) |
67 (32.8) |
|
24 (24.2) |
33 (34.0) |
|
| Employment status |
|
2 (0.3) |
|
|
0.924 |
|
|
0.975 |
| Unemployed |
549 (95.5) |
|
165 (94.8) |
193 (94.6) |
|
97 (98.0) |
94 (97.9) |
|
| Employed |
24 (4.2) |
|
9 (5.2) |
11 (5.4) |
|
2 (2.0) |
2 (2.1) |
|
|
Mental health | ||||||||
| MCAS |
|
0 (0.0) |
|
|
0.224 |
|
|
0.931 |
| More disability (17-47) |
29 (5.0) |
|
0 (0.0) |
1 (0.5) |
|
14 (14.0) |
14 (14.4) |
|
| Some disability (48-62) |
192 (33.4) |
|
14 (8.0) |
9 (4.4) |
|
86 (86.0) |
83 (85.6) |
|
| Mild disability (63-85) |
354 (61.6) |
|
160 (92.0) |
194 (95.1) |
|
0 (0.0) |
0 (0.0) |
|
| Documented health record of a mental disorder |
161 (28.0) |
9 (1.6) |
36 (20.7) |
44 (22.1) |
0.739 |
44 (44.4) |
37 (39.4) |
0.475 |
| MINI Results |
|
0 (0.0) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Current depressive episode |
206 (35.8) |
|
79 (45.4) |
92 (45.1) |
0.953 |
18 (18.0) |
17 (17.5) |
0.931 |
| Current manic Episode or hypomanic episode |
61 (10.6) |
|
16 (9.2) |
25 (12.3) |
0.340 |
7 (7.0) |
13 (13.4) |
0.137 |
| Current PTSD |
134 (23.3) |
|
48 (27.6) |
61 (29.9) |
0.620 |
11 (11.0) |
14 (14.4) |
0.469 |
| Current panic disorder |
81 (14.1) |
|
34 (19.5) |
38 (18.6) |
0.822 |
3 (3.0) |
6 (6.2) |
0.284 |
| Current mood disorder with psychotic features |
119 (20.7) |
|
33 (19.0) |
38 (18.6) |
0.933 |
25 (25.0) |
23 (23.7) |
0.833 |
| Current psychotic disorder |
215 (37.4) |
|
44 (25.3) |
55 (27.0) |
0.712 |
60 (60.0) |
56 (57.7) |
0.746 |
| Current alcohol dependence |
166 (28.9) |
|
57 (32.8) |
48 (23.5) |
0.046 |
30 (30.0) |
31 (32.0) |
0.766 |
| Current substance dependence |
218 (37.9) |
|
69 (39.7) |
74 (36.3) |
0.499 |
32 (32.0) |
43 (44.3) |
0.075 |
| Current alcohol abuse |
80 (13.9) |
|
17 (9.8) |
30 (14.7) |
0.147 |
16 (16.0) |
17 (17.5) |
0.774 |
| Current substance abuse |
52 (9.0) |
|
13 (7.5) |
19 (9.3) |
0.521 |
8 (8.0) |
12 (12.4) |
0.310 |
| Current suicidality |
|
|
|
|
0.127 |
|
|
0.589 |
| Low |
203 (35.3) |
|
64 (36.8) |
73 (35.8) |
|
38 (38.0) |
28 (28.9) |
|
| Moderate |
112 (19.5) |
|
47 (27.0) |
37 (18.1) |
|
13 (13.0) |
15 (15.5) |
|
| High |
60 (10.4) |
|
15 (8.6) |
25 (12.3) |
|
9 (9.0) |
11 (11.3) |
|
|
Functional and cognitive impairment | ||||||||
| Cognitive impairment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Was in special class in school |
170 (29.6) |
18 (3.1) |
48 (28.1) |
58 (29.3) |
0.796 |
30 (30.6) |
34 (37.8) |
0.300 |
| Received extra help with learning in school |
196 (34.1) |
18 (3.1) |
63 (36.8) |
62 (31.3) |
0.263 |
33 (34.0) |
38 (41.8) |
0.274 |
| Thinks that has learning problem/disability |
207 (36.0) |
22 (3.8) |
70 (41.4) |
62 (31.3) |
0.044 |
37 (39.4) |
38 (41.3) |
0.787 |
| Was told have learning problem/disability |
180 (31.3) |
19 (3.3) |
56 (33.3) |
57 (28.6) |
0.332 |
33 (34.4) |
34 (36.6) |
0.754 |
| Functional Impairment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Needs assistance to meet nutritional needs |
101 (17.6) |
1 (0.2) |
21 (12.1) |
30 (14.8) |
0.443 |
20 (20.0) |
30 (30.9) |
0.078 |
| Needs assistance to maintain adequate personal hygiene |
129 (22.4) |
0 (0.0) |
23 (13.2) |
25 (12.3) |
0.779 |
42 (42.0) |
39 (40.2) |
0.798 |
| Needs assistance/unwilling to access needed resources |
413 (71.8) |
1 (0.2) |
110 (63.2) |
141 (69.5) |
0.200 |
79 (79.0) |
83 (85.6) |
0.228 |
| Needs assistance to manage finances |
425 (73.9) |
2 (0.3) |
126 (72.4) |
136 (67.0) |
0.255 |
79 (79.8) |
84 (86.6) |
0.203 |
| Needs assistance to acquire and maintain social network |
455 (79.1) |
0 (0.0) |
127 (73.0) |
163 (79.9) |
0.113 |
85 (85.0) |
80 (82.5) |
0.631 |
|
Referral sources |
|
0 (0.0) |
|
|
0.309 |
|
|
0.112 |
| Community health centres |
5 (1.0) |
|
2 (1.1) |
1(0.5) |
|
2 (2.0) |
0 (0.0) |
|
| CMHA (Canadian Mental Health Association) |
31 (5.4) |
|
10 (5.7) |
7 (3.4) |
|
5 (5.0) |
9 (9.3) |
|
| Drop-ins |
67 (11.7) |
|
21 (12.1) |
26 (12.7) |
|
12 (12.0) |
8 (8.2) |
|
| Hospitals |
80 (13.9) |
|
12 (6.9) |
21 (10.3) |
|
25 (25.0) |
22 (22.7) |
|
| Social supports programs and justice systems6 |
25 (4.3) |
|
6 (3.4) |
11 (5.4) |
|
2 (2.0) |
6 (6.2) |
|
| Mental health services |
45 (7.8) |
|
10 (5.7) |
24 (11.8) |
|
8 (8.0) |
3 (3.1) |
|
| Other7 |
27 (4.7) |
|
9 (5.2) |
12 (5.9) |
|
5 (5.0) |
1 (1.0) |
|
| Outreach programs |
57 (9.9) |
|
15 (8.6) |
17 (8.3) |
|
9 (9.0) |
16 (16.5) |
|
| Shelters | 238 (41.4) | 89 (51.1) | 85 (41.7) | 32 (32.0) | 32 (33.0) | |||
1 For the total sample, percentages shown were calculated as proportion of the total sample (N = 575) and therefore the column totals for each variables will not add up to 100% if data was missing (see adjacent column with N and % Missing in total sample).
2 For calculation of the moderate needs and high needs group values, percentages are calculated out of the total available data (excluding missing), therefore column totals for each variables add up to 100%. However, questions with “yes/no” answers, only the proportion of individuals who indicated “yes” are provided)
3 “Other” category includes individuals who identify as Transgendered, Transsexual or Other.
4 “Ethno-racial” includes participants who indicated the following ethnicities: Black (includes Black-Africa, Black-Caribbean, and Black-Canada), East Asian, Indian-Caribbean, Latin American, Middle Eastern, South Asian, South-East Asian and Mixed Ethnicity.
5 The “Non Ethno-Racial” category includes participants who indicated the following ethnicities: White-Canada, White-Europe and Other.
6 This category includes Ontario Works and Ontario Disability Support Program (both provincial social support programs) as well as various justice system referrals (including jails, bail programs, and probation and parole offices).
7 The “Other” category includes the City of Toronto Assessment and Referral Centre (ARC), Aboriginal Legal Services, hospitals outside of the city of Toronto, self-referrals and any other agencies who did not clearly fit into any of the other categories.