Table 5.
Final multivariate model of the relationships of characteristics of the individual and family, school, and neighborhood with active transportation to school (N = 3 997)
| Characteristic |
Multivariate model 3 |
|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | |
|
Individual and Family Characteristics (Individual-level) | |
| Gender | |
| Male |
1.00 |
| Female |
0.86 (0.80 - 0.91) |
| Family structure, living with: | |
| Both mother and father |
1.00 |
| One parent and one step-parent |
1.10 (1.00 - 1.19) |
| Single parent |
1.07 (0.99 - 1.14) |
| Other |
1.10 (0.94 - 1.24) |
| Family SES | |
| Very well off |
1.00 |
| Well off |
1.08 (1.00 - 1.16) |
| Average |
1.16 (1.08 - 1.24) |
| Not very well off |
1.14 (1.01 - 1.26) |
| Not at all well off |
1.00 (0.80 - 1.19) |
| P trend |
0.0041 |
| Number of cars in household | |
| 0 |
1.00 |
| 1 |
0.94 (0.82 - 1.04) |
| 2+ |
0.87 (0.74 - 0.97) |
| P trend |
0.0003 |
| Residential neighborhood is safe for children | |
| Strongly agree |
1.00 |
| Agree |
1.00 (0.94 - 1.07) |
| Neither agree nor disagree |
0.95 (0.86 - 1.03) |
| Disagree |
0.83 (0.70 - 0.95) |
| Strongly disagree |
0.95 (0.76 - 1.11) |
| P trend |
0.019 |
|
School Characteristics (Area-Level) | |
| Has walk/bike to school days and/or walking school bus programs | |
| No |
1.00 |
| Yes |
0.89 (0.74 - 1.03) |
|
Neighborhood Characteristics (Area-Level) | |
| % of roads with sidewalks | |
| 1 (1.45 - 47.20) |
1.00 |
| 2 (47.21 - 64.30) |
1.11 (0.90 - 1.30) |
| 3 (64.31 - 84.49) |
1.17 (0.96 - 1.34) |
| 4 (84.50 – 100) |
1.09 (0.87 - 1.28) |
| P trend |
0.35 |
| Speed limit of school’s road (km/h) | |
| ≤40 |
1.00 |
| 50 |
1.22 (0.92 - 1.43) |
| ≥60 |
1.26 (0.96 - 1.47) |
| P trend |
0.13 |
| Total length of roads (km) | |
| 1 (10.7 – 29.2) |
1.00 |
| 2 (29.3 – 37.0) |
1.00 (0.76 - 1.22) |
| 3 (37.1 – 41.7) |
1.08 (0.85 - 1.29) |
| 4 (41.71 – 73.7) |
1.23 (1.00 - 1.42) |
| P trend |
0.031 |
| Litter in neighborhood | |
| No problem |
1.00 |
| Minor problem |
1.05 (0.89 - 1.18) |
| Moderate problem |
1.09 (0.83 - 1.29) |
| Major problem |
1.47 (1.16 - 1.57) |
| P trend |
0.061 |
| Vacant or shabby housing | |
| No problem |
1.00 |
| Minor problem |
0.95 (0.77 - 1.11) |
| Moderate problem |
0.83 (0.52 - 1.13) |
| Major problem |
0.76 (0.29 - 1.26) |
| P trend |
0.19 |
| Average temperature (°C) | |
| 1 (−4.45 – 2.75) |
1.00 |
| 2 (2.76 – 4.40) |
0.77 (0.54 - 1.00) |
| 3 (4.41 – 7.40) |
0.76 (0.46 - 1.08) |
| 4 (7.41 – 10.60) |
0.87 (0.53 - 1.19) |
| P trend |
0.71 |
| Average annual rain (mm) | |
| 1 (326 – 615) |
1.00 |
| 2 (616 – 1335) |
0.94 (0.68 - 1.18) |
| 3 (1336 – 1700) |
1.16 (0.76 - 1.42) |
| 4 (1701 – 3360) |
1.25 (0.91 - 1.45) |
| P trend |
0.20 |
| Average number of hot days | |
| 1 (0 – 0.63) |
1.00 |
| 2 (0.64 – 4.65) |
1.24 (0.95 - 1.46) |
| 3 (4.66 – 10.50) |
1.18 (0.90 - 1.41) |
| 4 (10.51 – 26.00) |
1.33 (1.05 - 1.53) |
| P trend | 0.057 |
RR (95% CI) = relative risk (95% confidence interval).