Table 1.
Clinical and demographic data of the study population according to geographic region
| Variable | Southeast | South | North/ Northeast | Mid-west | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
N(%) |
1,424 (39.7) |
820 (22.8) |
1,113 (31.0) |
234 (6.5) |
|
|
Gender, F (%) |
821 (57.7) |
461 (56.2) |
593 (53.3) |
135 (57.7) |
0.21 |
|
Age, y |
21.6 ± 12.4 |
22.3 ± 12.2 |
19.9 ± 10.1† |
21.2 ± 11.9 |
<0.001 |
|
Age, y (%) |
|
|
|
|
0.19 |
| 0–5.9 |
57 (4) |
18 (2.2) |
41 (3.7) |
14 (6.0) |
|
| 6–12.9 |
279 (19.6) |
148 (18.0) |
239 (21.5) |
56 (23.9) |
|
| 13–18.9 |
370 (26.0) |
225 (27.4) |
296 (26.6) |
40 (17.1) |
|
| ≥19.0 |
719 (50.4) |
429 (52.3) |
537 (48.2) |
124 (53.0) |
|
|
Age at diagnosis, y (%) |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| 0–4.9 |
318 (22.3) |
133 (16.2) |
169 (15.2) |
47 (20.1) |
|
| 5–9.9 |
401 (28.2) |
227 (27.7) |
280 (25.2) |
53 (22.6) |
|
| 10–14.9 |
370 (26.0) |
243 (29.6) |
285 (25.6) |
43 (18.4) |
|
| 15-19.9 |
160 (11.2) |
103 (12.6) |
186 (16.7) |
43 (18.4) |
|
| 20–29.9 |
121 (8.5) |
82 (10.0) |
160 (14.4) |
41 (17.5) |
|
| ≥30 |
54 (3.8) |
32 (3.9) |
33 (3.0) |
7 (3.0) |
|
|
Ethnicity, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Caucasian |
830 (58.9) |
716 (87.3) |
383 (34.4) |
111 (47.4) |
|
| Non-Caucasian* |
585 (41.1) |
104 (12.7) |
730 (65.6) |
123 (52.6) |
|
|
Economic status** |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| High |
98 (7.2) |
82 (10.2) |
36 (3.4) |
24 (10.9) |
|
| Medium |
361(26.4) |
248 (30.9) |
101 (9.4) |
63 (28.6) |
|
| Low |
496 (36.3) |
311 (38.1) |
302 (28.2) |
68 (30.9) |
|
| Very low |
412 (30.1) |
161 (20.1) |
633 (59.0) |
65 (29.5) |
|
| Years of Study |
9.7 ± 4.5 |
9.5 ± 3.9 |
9.9 ± 4.5 |
10.5 ± 5.2† |
0.01 |
|
Duration of diabetes, y |
10.7 ± 8.8 |
10.6 ± 8.4 |
7.6 ± 6.4†† |
8.6 ± 7.5†† |
<0.001 |
|
Treatment of diabetes n(%) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Insulin *** |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
| Intermediate or long acting |
157 (11) |
49 (6.0) |
291 (26.2) |
62 (26.5) |
|
| CSII**** |
23 (1.6) |
10 (1.2) |
2 (0.2) |
4 (1.7) |
|
| Intermediate/long plus short acting |
1,241 (87.3) |
761 (92.8) |
819 (73.7) |
168 (71.8) |
|
| Short acting shots ≥ 3 /day |
832 (64.7) |
570 (73.0) |
408 (48.7) |
103 (50.9) |
<0.001 |
| SBGM, yes (%) |
1,331(93.5) |
763 (93.0) |
853 (76.6) ††† |
221 (94.4) |
|
| Specialist visits in the prior, y |
1,424(99.0) |
819 (99.8) |
1,097 (98.5) |
226 (96.6) |
0.3 |
| Level of care n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
| Secondary |
101(7.1) |
45 (5.5) |
678 (60.9) |
171(73.1) |
<0.001 |
| Tertiary | 1,323(92.9) | 775(94.5) | 435 (39.1)# | 63(26.9)# |
The data are presented as the means (SD) and n (%); y = years; f = female, SBGM = self-blood glucose monitoring.† p<0.01 vs. each other region; ††P<0.05 vs. each other region; ††† p<0.001 vs. each other region # P< 0.01 vs. south and southeast regions.
* African-Brazilians, Mulattos, Asians, Native Aborigines.
** Data not available from 130 (3.6%) patients *** Data not available from 4 (0.001%) patients.
****CSII: continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
For comparison between continuous variables ANOVA with Sidak correction were used; For comparison between discrete variables two-sided z-tests with correction was used.