Fig. 5.

Relationship of genetic distance and latitudinal and longitudinal distance based on rotated coordinates in the Americas. A: Partial Mantel correlations between F_ST and rotated latitudinal distance with waypoints, controlling for mean heterozygosity, at 1246 poles in the Americas. The color of a point corresponds to the partial Mantel correlation r when population locations in Eurasia are rotated about that point. The range of r values significantly different from zero at the 5% level is [0.2191, 0.7094]; 91.7% of poles produced significant partial Mantel test results (among 104 permutations). The model shown had the highest proportion of significant partial Mantel tests of the regressions on latitudinal distance after rotating about poles in the Americas. B: Rotation of American population locations about the pole (5.73917° S; 80.8° W), plotted here with ψ₀ = 90°. The pole is indicated by an open circle in A from which a dashed line is drawn to B at (90° N; 0° E). The partial correlation between F_ST and latitudinal distance (controlling for mean heterozygosity) was calculated using latitudinal distance between population locations after applying the rotation. C: Partial Mantel correlations between F_ST and rotated longitudinal distance with waypoints, controlling for mean heterozygosity, across poles in the Americas. The range of r values significantly different from zero at the 5% level is [0.2243, 0.7468], and 79.7% of poles produced significant partial Mantel test results (among 104 permutations). D: Rotation of American population locations about the pole (30° N; 107.8° W), plotted here with ψ₀ = −90°. The pole is indicated by an open circle in C from which a dashed line is drawn to D at (90° N; 0° E). Due to this pole’s location near the Pima population, an angle ψ₀ that placed all populations in the same hemisphere (i.e., with maximal rotated longitudinal distance between a population pair less than 180°) could not be found.