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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Oct 12.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Res. 2012 Oct 12;111(9):1208–1221. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.265819

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Induction of autophagy. BCL-2/BCL-XL prevents induction of autophagy by binding BECLIN1 and AMBRA1. Displacement by BH3-only proteins leads to activation of the BECLIN1-VPS34-VPS15 complex and phagophore nucleation. Elongation of the membrane requires two ubiquitin-like conjugation systems: ATG12-ATG5-ATG16L, and conjugation of LC3-I with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to form LC3-II. After maturation of the autophagosome, it fuses with the lysosome to degrade the cargo. (Illustration Credit: Ben Smith).