Table 1.
Non-Cases | Cases | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 70,839 | 428 | - |
Age at baseline (years) | 52.3 ± 8.97 | 59.1 ± 8.58 | <.0001 |
Education | |||
Elementary school or less | 20.4% | 21.3% | |
Middle school | 37.5% | 38.9% | |
High school | 28.3% | 26.8% | |
Professional education/college or more | 13.8% | 13.0% | 0.92 |
Income (per household) | |||
<10,000 yuan | 15.7% | 15.6% | |
10,000-20,000 yuan | 38.2% | 34.9% | |
20,000-30,000 yuan | 28.3% | 31.4% | |
≥30,000 yuan | 17.8% | 17.9% | 0.71 |
Occupation | |||
Housewife | 0.3% | 0.2% | |
Professional workers | 29.0% | 30.5% | |
Clerical workers | 20.7% | 20.4% | |
Manual laborers | 50.0% | 48.9% | 0.88 |
Family history | |||
Any cancer | 26.6% | 28.7% | 0.66 |
Lung cancer | 4.9% | 6.4% | 0.18 |
Personal history of lung disease | |||
Tuberculosis | 5.5% | 7.5% | 0.61 |
Chronic bronchitis | 7.3% | 7.3% | 0.75 |
Asthma | 2.1% | 3.5% | 0.09 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 0.01 | 23.9 ± 0.16 | 0.38 |
Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.810 ± 0.0002 | 0.811 ± 0.0025 | 0.86 |
Passive smoking | |||
None | 19.8% | 20.8% | |
At home or in workplace | 52.4% | 48.5% | |
Both | 27.9% | 30.7% | 0.79 |
Ever consumed alcohol | 1.9% | 1.0% | 0.51 |
Ever consumed tea | 29.5% | 30.6% | 0.15 |
Postmenopausal status | 48.2% | 49.3% | 0.47 |
Supplement use | |||
Any vitamin | 19.6% | 19.9% | 0.62 |
Calcium-containing2 | 36.1% | 31.8% | 0.06 |
Vitamin D-containing2 | 20.2% | 19.0% | 0.05 |
Regular exercise3 | 35.0% | 33.3% | 0.81 |
Adjusted for age at baseline and presented as mean ± standard error or frequency (%), except for age at baseline where unadjusted mean ± standard deviation is shown.
45 cases and 5,484 non-cases had missing information for calcium- and vitamin D-containing supplement use and were included in a separate category.
Defined as at least once per week continuously for at least three months within the five years before the interview.