Table 3.
Baseline predictors of cardiovascular events in psoriasis
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) for cardiovascular outcomes** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Any cardiovascular event |
Ischemic events* |
Heart failure | Cardiovascular death |
|
|
| ||||
| Male sex | 1.44 (0.96, 2.18) | 1.78 (1.14, 2.77) | 1.35 (0.79, 2.31) | 1.82 (1.04 3.18) |
|
| ||||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoked | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Current smoker | 1.15 (0.69, 1.92) | 1.14 (0.66, 1.95) | 1.11 (0.56, 2.18) | 1.71 (0.86, 3.42) |
| Former smoker | 0.95 (0.58, 1.57) | 0.93 (0.55, 1.58) | 0.75 (0.38, 1.47) | 0.77 (0.37, 1.59) |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol use | 1.68 (1.00, 2.81) | 1.49 (0.87, 2.55) | 2.04 (1.07, 3.89) | 2.64 (1.42, 4.90) |
|
| ||||
Body mass index (per 1 kg/m2
 ) |
1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.05) |
| < 25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 25-29.9 | 1.56 (0.95, 2.56) | 1.53 (0.91, 2.58) | 1.21 (0.63, 2.34) | 1.10 (0.58, 2.07) |
| ≥ 30.0 | 2.03 (1.15, 3.56) | 1.44 (0.80, 2.58) | 2.57 (1.25, 5.30) | 0.90 (0.41, 1.95) |
|
| ||||
| Presence of dyslipidemia | 1.60 (1.04, 2.46) | 1.71 (1.06, 2.76) | 1.33 (0.75, 2.35) | 0.82 (0.47, 1.44) |
Total cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL  ) |
1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) |
LDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL  ) |
0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) |
HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dL  ) |
0.86 (0.66, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) |
Triglycerides (per 10 mg/dL  ) |
1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.02 (1.01,1.03) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
|
| ||||
| Presence of hypertension | 1.71 (1.11, 2.65) | 1.20 (0.76, 1.90) | 1.62 (0.91, 2.86) | 1.53 (0.88, 2.66) |
Systolic BP (per 10 mmHg  ) |
1.20 (1.07, 1.34) | 1.11 (1.00, 1.24) | 1.24 (1.09, 1.42) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) |
Diastolic BP (per 10 mmHg  ) |
1.19 (0.98, 1.45) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.34) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.45) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.21) |
|
| ||||
| Presence of diabetes mellitus | 2.71 (1.44, 5.11) | 3.03 (1.58, 5.78) | 2.05 (0.95, 4.42) | 1.62 (0.78, 3.38) |
|
| ||||
Framingham score imputed (per 1% )$
|
1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) |
|
| ||||
Framingham score actual (per 1% )$
|
1.12 (1.06, 1.18) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.17) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.19) | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) |
*
includes hospitalized myocardial infarction, ischemic strokes, coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty procedures.
**
Age and sex-adjusted univariate estimates
$
Imputed risk score assigned 0 points to subjects with missing lipid values (in earlier years of the study). Analyses using the actual score were restricted to subjects with complete lipid values.