Table 3.

Associations between a genetic risk score (GRS₄₂) for advanced sexual development and height Z-scores¹ from six years before to six years after age at peak height velocity (Age@PHV): Estimates from quantitative genetic models².

	−6 years	−4 years	−2 years	Age@PHV	+2 years	+4 years	+6 years
N	501	533	546	548	539	507	363
	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)
	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value
Heritability (h2)	0.814 (0.069)	0.777 (0.074)	0.818 (0.082)	0.798 (0.099)	0.875 (0.072)	0.893 (0.066)	0.939 (0.053)
	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
GRS42 (estimate for boys born in 1928)3	0.004 (0.015)	0.008 (0.014)	0.023 (0.01)	0.035 (0.015)	0.011 (0.014)	−0.006 (0.014)	0.014 (0.022)
	0.805	0.560	0.115	0.022	0.440	0.687	0.512
Sex:
Boys (referent)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Girls	−0.073 (0.070)	−0.180 (0.067)	−0.055 (0.067)	−0.088 (0.073)	−0.135 (0.066)	−0.127 (0.070)	−0.009 (0.093)
	0.293	0.008	0.415	0.226	0.041	0.071	0.921
Year of birth (referent: 1928)	0.003 (0.002)	0.003 (0.002)	0.003 (0.002)	0.005 (0.002)	0.003 (0.002)	0.005 (0.002)	0.003 (0.003)
	0.187	0.137	0.166	0.052	0.146	0.051	0.248
GRS42*sex	−0.006 (0.018)	−0.014 (0.017)	−0.027 (0.018)	−0.025 (0.019)	−0.020 (0.017)	−0.009 (0.019)	−0.022 (0.024)
	0.750	0.422	0.127	0.186	0.250	0.622	0.369
GRS42*year of birth	0.000 (0.001)	0.000 (0.001)	0.000 (0.001)	0.000 (0.001)	−0.001 (0.001)	−0.001 (0.001)	−0.001 (0.001)
	0.715	0.573	0.812	0.618	0.292	0.307	0.242
Variance explained by covariates (%)	1.1	2.0	0.6	1.5	2.3	2.6	3.4
Variance explained by GRS42 and its interactions (%)	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.4	0.8	0.8

¹Z-scores were calculated according to the CDC 2000 growth reference.

²Models were fitted in SOLAR using a maximum-likelihood variance components-based procedure.

³B(SE) for GRS₄₂ are per risk allele increase.