Table 4.

Associations between a genetic risk score (GRS₂₉) for advanced sexual development (excluding known adiposity variants) and BMI Z-scores¹ from six years before to six years after age at peak height velocity (Age@PHV): Estimates from quantitative genetic models².

	−6 years	−4 years	−2 years	Age@PHV	+2 years	+4 years	+6 years
N	501	533	546	548	539	507	363
	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)	B(SE)
	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value
Heritability (h2)	0.606 (0.100)	0.539 (0.103)	0.630 (0.101)	0.672 (0.101)	0.837 (0.084)	0.727 (0.097)	0.525 (0.154)
	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
GRS29 (estimate for boys born in 1928)3	0.013 (0.018)	0.009 (0.019)	0.013 (0.020)	0.021 (0.019)	0.033 (0.017)	0.039 (0.018)	0.078 (0.028)
	0.454	0.628	0.503	0.277	0.052	0.030	0.006
Sex:
Boys (referent)	--	--	--	--	--	--	--
Girls	−0.049 (0.074)	−0.010 (0.076)	−0.023 (0.080)	−0.046 (0.078)	0.130 (0.068)	0.122 (0.072)	0.026 (0.108)
	0.512	0.892	0.769	0.557	0.058	0.091	0.812
Year of birth (referent: 1928)	−0.002 (0.002)	−0.001 (0.002)	0.001 (0.003)	0.002 (0.003)	0.002 (0.002)	0.005 (0.002)	0.006 (0.003)
	0.456	0.681	0.795	0.508	0.412	0.048	0.045
GRS29*sex	−0.001 (0.023)	0.002 (0.024)	−0.017 (0.025)	−0.016 (0.024)	−0.031 (0.021)	−0.039 (0.022)	−0.061 (0.032)
	0.966	0.946	0.481	0.519	0.145	0.078	0.061
GRS29*year of birth	0.002 (0.001)	0.002 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)	0.002 (0.001)
	0.019	0.014	0.067	0.353	0.209	0.041	0.104
Variance explained by covariates (%)	3.4	2.3	1.1	0.9	1.5	3.4	4.3
Variance explained by GRS29 and its interactions (%)	1.9	2.0	1.0	0.4	1.2	2.1	3.0

¹Z-scores were calculated according to the CDC 2000 growth reference.

²Models were fitted in SOLAR using a maximum-likelihood variance components-based procedure.

³B(SE) for GRS₂₉ are per risk allele increase.