Table 4.
Maternal smoking in pregnancy and WPPSI-Ra subtest raw scores.
| Avgerage number of cigarettes/day | Unadjusted | Adjusted for core confoundersb | Adjusted for potential confoundersc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean score | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | |
| Information | ||||
| 0 | 19.3 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–9 | 19.0 | −0.3 (−0.9, 0.3) | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.5) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) |
| 10+ | 18.7 | −0.6 (−1.1, 0.0) | −0.2 (−0.7, 0.4) | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) |
| Vocabulary | ||||
| 0 | 21.1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–9 | 20.6 | −0.5 (−1.6, 0.6) | 0.0 (−1.0, 1.0) | 0.0 (−1.1, 1.0) |
| 10+ | 20.8 | −0.3 (−1.3, 0.6) | 0.6 (−0.3, 1.5) | 0.7 (−0.3, 1.8) |
| Arithmetic | ||||
| 0 | 14.9 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–9 | 14.3 | −0.6 (−1.1, 0.2) | −0.3 (−0.9, 0.2) | −0.3 (−0.9, 0.3) |
| 10+ | 14.2 | −0.7 (−1.2, 0.0) | −0.1 (−0.8, 0.5) | −0.1 (−0.8, 0.6) |
| Object assembly | ||||
| 0 | 23.6 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–9 | 23.3 | −0.3 (−1.2, 0.7) | 0.0 (−0.9, 0.8) | 0.2 (−0.8, 0.1) |
| 10+ | 23.1 | −0.5 (−1.3, 0.3) | 0.1 (−0.8, 0.9) | 0.2 (−0.7, 0.1) |
| Block design | ||||
| 0 | 24.3 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–9 | 23.9 | −0.4 (−1.7, 0.8) | −0.2 (−1.4, 1.0) | 0.0 (−1.4, 1.4) |
| 10+ | 23.4 | −0.9 (−2.3, 0.5) | −0.2 (−1.5, 1.1) | 0.1 (−1.5, 1.5) |
| Geometric design | ||||
| 0 | 37.7 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–9 | 35.8 | −1.9 (−3.8, −0.1) | −1.6 (−3.3, 0.0) | −2.0 (−3.8, −0.1) |
| 10+ | 35.1 | −2.6 (−4.7, −0.5) | −1.9 (−4.0, 0.1) | −2.0 (−4.3, 0.2) |
aWPPSI-R Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised.
bParental education, maternal IQ, maternal prenatal alcohol consumption, the child's sex, age at testing, and tester.
cParental education, maternal IQ, prenatal maternal alcohol consumption, the child's sex, age at testing, and tester, maternal age, parity, maternal marital status, prenatal paternal smoking, postnatal parental smoking, breast feeding, maternal prepregnancy BMI, the child's sex, age at testing, health status, family/home environment.