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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer J. 2012 Nov;18(6):642–652. doi: 10.1097/PPO.0b013e3182756903

Table 1.

Pancreatic cancer vaccine trials

Study Patient Population/Stage of Disease Vaccine Immunologic Analysis Median Survival Reference
Peptide Vaccines Gjertsen, 1995 5 patients with histologically confirmed PDA Mutated KRAS Peptide 2/5 with vaccine-induced ras specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells 2 immune responders showed longer survival [39]
Gjertsen, 2001 48 patients, 10 surgically resected PDA & 38 with advanced PDA Mutated KRAS Peptide with GM-CSF Mutant KRAS specific response in 58% of patients 148 days in responders versus 61 days in non- responders [43]
Bernhardt, 2006 48 patients with unresectable PDA Telomerase Peptide (GV1001) with GM-CSF Immune response measured as DTH and in vitro T cell proliferation in 24 of 38 patients (75% of intermediate dose group) 8.6 months in intermediate dose group [46]
Gilliam, 2012 154 patients with advanced PDA, unwilling or unable to take chemotherapy Gastrin peptide vaccine (G17DT) versus placebo Anti-G17DT response in 78% of patients in G17DT arm 151 days (G17DT) vs. 82 days (placebo), P= 0.03 [44]
Recombinant Vaccines Kaufman, 2007 10 patients with advanced stage PDA TRICOM, MUC-1 & CEA in poxvirus with GM-CSF Antigen specific T cell responses in 5 of 8 evaluated patients 15.1 months in responders vs. 3.9 months in non-responders (p=0.002), 6.3 months overall [49]
Le, 2012 28 patients with mesothelioma, lung, pancreatic, or ovarian cancer liver metastases Live attenuated Listeria vaccine (ANZ-100) (n=9) vs. Live attenuated mesothelin expressing Listeria vaccine (CRS-207) (n=17) LLO and Mesothelin specific T cell responses seen in CRS-207 arm 37% of patients in CRS-207 arm alive after 15 months [30]
Dendritic Cell Vaccine Lepisto, 2008 12 patients with resected pancreatic and biliary cancers MUC-1 pulsed autologous DC vaccine Not reported 26 months [56]
Whole Cell Vaccines Jaffee, 2001 14 patients with resected PDA GM-CSF secreting whole cell vaccine in combination with standard chemoradiation 3 of 14 patients developed DTH to autologous tumor cells NR (3 of 14 patients with prolonged disease free survival) [61]
Laheru, 2008 50 patients with advanced PDA, having failed at least 2 chemotherapy regimens Arm A: GM-CSF whole cell vaccine alone (n=20) vs. Arm B: GM-CSF whole cell vaccine & Cy (n=30) Enhanced mesothelin specific T cell responses associated in Arm B Arm A: 2.3 months Arm B: 4.3 months [63]
Hardacre, 2010 62 patients with resected PDA HyperAcute-Pancreas Vaccine plus standard gemcitabine/5-FU based chemotherapy NR NR [66]
Lutz, 2011 60 patients with resected PDA GM-CSF secreting whole cell vaccine in combination with standard chemoradiation Induction of CD8+ mesothelin specific T cells correlating with overall survival 24.8 months [62]
Combinatorial Immunotherapy Le, 2012 30 patients with locally advanced, treatment refractory or metastatic PDA Ipilimumab (IPI) alone vs. IPI plus GM-CSF whole cell vaccine IRAEs (p=0.037), mesothelin T cell responses (p=0.012), and enhancement of the T cell repertoire (p=0.026) associated with OS in both arms IPI alone: 3.3 months IPI plus GM-CSF vaccine: 5.5 months [71]

PDA pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; vs. versus; DTH delayed type hypersensitivity responses; GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; DC dendritic cell; LAK lymphokine activated killer; Cy cyclophosphamide; LLO listeriolysin o; OS overall survival; IRAE immune related adverse effects