. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 8.

Published in final edited form as: Neurobiol Dis. 2011 Apr 17;43(2):397–413. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.04.011

Table 1.

Results of activity, learning, and memory tests, and brain region involved in the task are presented (Anagnostaras et al., 1999; Deacon et al., 2002; Devenport et al., 1988; Galsworthy et al., 2005; Gerlai, 1998; Johnson et al., 1977; Kim and Fanselow, 1992; Lieben et al., 2006; Mumby et al., 2005; Steele and Morris, 1999; Takakusaki, 2008; Viggiano, 2008; Winters et al., 2004).

Behavioral Parameter	Group		2N Mean±SEM	Ts65Dn Mean±SEM	p Value ^*	Interpretation	Brain region involved ^** With Reference(s)
Total Ambulatory Distance Moved in Activity Chamber (cm)	Female		2111±225	3862±594	p<0.01	Ts65Dn mice are hyperactive in a novel environment.	Cerebellum, cerebral cortex, septum, striatum, thalamic reticular nucleus, spinal cord, hippocampus (Deacon et al., 2002; Viggiano, 2008)
	Male	No Treatment	2264±151	3638±388	p<0.05	Ts65Dn mice are hyperactive in a novel environment.
		Saline	2287±253	3186±163	ns for treatment	Xamoterol has no effect on the activity of the mice.
		Xam	2554±192	3878±765	ns for treatment	Xamoterol has no effect on the activity of the mice.
Total Vertical Count in Activity Chamber (n)	Female		68.9±13.8	145.2±27.8	p<0.01	Ts65Dn mice rear and jump more than 2N mice in a novel environment
Total Vertical Count in Activity Chamber (n)	Male		75.0±6.1	147.7±7.3	p<0.01
Baseline Distance Moved in Each Hour in Home Cage(cm)	Female	Dark	2031±508	4122±789	p<0.05	Ts65Dn mice are hyperactive in their home cage environment.	Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex. striatum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord (Takakusaki, 2008)
	Female	Light	532±100	908±205	ns
	Male	Dark	1088±196	2358±350	p<0.01
	Male	Light	366±27	511±96	ns
Distance Moved in the Running Wheel in Home Cage (cm)	Female	Dark	27663±8845	39204±7842	ns	Ts65Dn mice are hyperactive in the running wheel in their home cage environment.
	Female	Light	2298±1207	1812±971	ns
	Male	Dark	16711±6912	43645±8032	p<0.05
	Male	Light	634±211	1762±750	ns
Baseline Velocity in the Home Cage (cm/s)	Female	Dark	7.32±0.71	8.65±0.89	ns	Ts65Dn mice move faster in their home cage environment.
	Female	Light	8.66±0.78	10.97±0.70	p<0.05
	Male	Dark	6.57±0.56	7.23±0.66	ns
	Male	Light	7.87±0.37	11.07±1.02	p<0.05
Velocity in Running Wheel in Home Cage (cm/s)	Female	Dark	23.16±5.75	28.02±4.23	ns	Ts65Dn mice run faster in the running wheel in their home cage environment.
	Female	Light	17.22±5.14	15.22±4.48	ns
	Male	Dark	10.90±3.12	30.33±4.36	p<0.01
	Male	Light	4.15±0.55	11.80±2.48	p<0.05
Time in Shelter in Each Hour During the Baseline Recording in Home Cage (s)	Female	Dark	2653±107	1630±136	p<0.01	Ts65Dn mice spend less time in the shelter during the dark cycle.
	Female	Light	3238±42	3145±84	ns
	Male	Dark	2536±182	1591±298	p<0.01
	Male	Light	3177±47	2752±331	ns
Time in Shelter in Each Hour During the Running Wheel in Home Cage (s)	Female	Dark	1492±256	665±252	p<0.05	Ts65Dn mice spend less time in the shelter after adding the running wheel.
	Female	Light	3204±56	1568±579	p<0.05
	Male	Dark	2025±156	1440±144	p<0.05
	Male	Light	3189±63	3271±52	ns
% of Spontaneous Alternation in T-maze	Female		65.0±3.3	48.5±3.7	p<0.01	Ts65Dn mice have impaired spatial working memory.	Hippocampus (Devenport et al., 1988; Gerlai, 1998; Johnson et al., 1977)
	Male	No Treatment	72.2±2.7	43.3±5.0	p<0.001	Ts65Dn mice have impaired spatial working memory.
		Saline	63.3±4.0	41.9±2.7	p<0.01	Xamoterol can rescue the deficit in spatial working memory, and betaxolol prevents this effect.
		Xam	64.4±2.1	60.4±4.5	ns
		Xam + Betax	66.7±4.2	46.3±2.8	p<0.01
% of Correct Visit in Probe Trial after Place Learning in Intellicage	Female		60.3±2.7	66.2±4.0	p=0.270	Ts65Dn mice do not show a place learning deficit in a stress-free environment	Hippocampus (Galsworthy et al., 2005)
% of Visits to Previously Punished Corner in Intellicage	Female		5.3±1.9	13.4±3.4	p<0.05	Ts65Dn mice show spatial learning deficit in a stressful environment.	Hippocampus, amygdale (Galsworthy et al., 2005)
Latency of First Satellite Box Entry in Intellicage (s)	Female		1172±175	587±75	p<0.05	Ts65Dn mice enter into the new compartment sooner.	Hippocampus, amygdale (Galsworthy et al., 2005)
Latency of First Satellite Box Entry in Intellicage (s)	Female		1172±175	587±75	p<0.05	Ts65Dn mice enter into the new compartment sooner.	Hippocampus (Galsworthy et al., 2005)
Escape Latency in DMP (delayed matching-to-place ) Water Maze (s)	Female	T3	50.97±6.80	76.42±3.16	p<0.01	Ts65Dn mice have a deficit in spatial working memory/episodic like-memory.	Hippocampus (Steele and Morris, 1999)
	Male	T2	55.98±5.18	77.29±4.18	p<0.05
		T3	46.50±5.04	73.96±4.64	p<0.001
		T4	38.59±5.50	70.44±5.86	p<0.001
% of Total Investigation in Novel Object Recognition	Male	Saline	59.0±5.5	44.9±3.3	p<0.05	Xamoterol can rescue the impairment of novel object recognition in Ts65Dn mice.	Hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, raphe nuclei (Mumby et al.,2005; Winters et al., 2004; Lieben et al., 2006)
% of Total Investigation in Novel Object Recognition	Male	Xam	78.6±2.6	73.6±4.2	ns
% Freezing in Tone-cued Fear Conditioning	Female		27.19±6.34	22.24±3.98	ns	Ts65Dn do not have a deficit in tone-cued fear conditioning.	Hippocampus, amygdale (Anagnostaras et al., 1999; Kim and Fanselow, 1992)
% Freezing in Tone-cued Fear Conditioning	Male		31.06±3.84	21.73±2.89	ns
% Freezing in Contextual Fear Conditioning	Female		16.37±5.30	4.65±1.66	p<0.05	Ts65Dn mice show a deficit in contextual fear conditioning.
	Male	No Treatment	19.33±4.16	7.93±2.87	p<0.05	Ts65Dn mice show a deficit in contextual fear conditioning.
		Saline	40.98±6.25	19.65±3.68	p<0.01	Xamoterol rescues the deficit in contextual fear conditioning, and betaxolol prevents this effect.
		Xam	38.43±8.26	45.36±12.40	ns
		Xam + Betax	38.16±4.07	21.51±6.15	p<0.05

ns: nonsignificant, Xam: xamoterol, Betax: betaxolol

^**

Brain region which is involved in each task is not limited to the reported one.