TABLE 2.

Unstandardized parameter estimates (standard error) for the association between one standard deviation increase in optimism and serum antioxidants (N = 982)

Log Antioxidants (μmol/l)a	Optimism
	Model 1b	Model 2c	Model 3d
Carotenoids
Trans-β-carotene	0.10*** (0.03)	0.06* (0.03)	0.04 (0.03)
13-cis-β-carotene	0.02 (0.02)	−0.004 (0.02)	−0.01 (0.02)
α-carotene	0.13*** (0.03)	0.08** (0.03)	0.07* (0.03)
β-cryptoxanthin	0.07*** (0.02)	0.05* (0.02)	0.04* (0.02)
Lutein	0.05** (0.02)	0.04* (0.02)	0.03~ (0.02)
Zeaxanthin	0.04* (0.02)	0.03~ (0.02)	0.03 (0.02)
Lycopene	0.03~ (0.02)	0.04* (0.02)	0.04* (0.02)
Total Carotenoids	0.39*** (0.10)	0.24* (0.10)	0.19* (0.10)
Vitamin E
α-tocopherol	0.001 (0.02)	−0.002 (0.02)	0.0003 (0.02)
γ-tocopherol	−0.02 (0.02)	−0.007 (0.02)	−0.003 (0.02)

^aEach individual antioxidant was log transformed; the composite of total carotenoids was not

^bAdjusted for age

^cAdjusted for demographics (age, sex, race, education, income, time between assessments)

^dAdjusted for demographics and health status (chronic conditions, body mass index)

^~p ≤ .10,

^*p ≤ .05,

^**p ≤ .01,

^***p ≤ .001