TABLE 4.
Unstandardized parameter estimates (standard error) for the association between tertiled optimism and serum carotenoids in age-adjusted and minimally adjusted modelsa (N = 982)b
| Optimism |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Log Carotenoids (μmol/l)c | Low (n = 332) | Moderate (n = 298) | High (n = 352) |
| Trans-β-carotene | |||
| Age-Adjusted | reference | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.20** (0.07) |
| Minimally Adjusted | reference | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.11 (0.07) |
| 13-cis-β-carotene | |||
| Age-Adjusted | reference | −0.008 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) |
| Minimally –Adjusted | reference | −0.05 (0.06) | −0.003 (0.06) |
| α-carotene | |||
| Age-Adjusted | reference | 0.14~ (0.08) | 0.20** (0.07) |
| Minimally Adjusted | reference | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.07) |
| β-cryptoxanthin | |||
| Age-Adjusted | reference | 0.10* (0.05) | 0.17*** (0.05) |
| Minimally Adjusted | reference | 0.09~ (0.05) | 0.14** (0.05) |
| Lutein | |||
| Age-Adjusted | reference | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.12** (0.05) |
| Minimally Adjusted | reference | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.09* (0.04) |
| Zeaxanthin | |||
| Age-Adjusted | reference | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.10* (0.04) |
| Minimally Adjusted | reference | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.08~ (0.04) |
| Lycopene | |||
| Age-Adjusted | reference | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.09* (0.04) |
| Minimally Adjusted | reference | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.10** (0.04) |
| Total Carotenoids | |||
| Age-Adjusted | reference | 0.37 (0.25) | 0.85*** (0.24) |
| Minimally Adjusted | reference | 0.19 (0.24) | 0.51* (0.24) |
a
Adjusted for demographics (age, sex, race, education, income, time between assessments)
b
Analyses for total carotenoids were based on N = 981 due to one excluded outlier
c
Each individual carotenoid was log transformed; the composite of total carotenoids was not
~
p ≤ .10,
*
p ≤ .05,
**
p ≤ .01,
***
p ≤ .001