Table 3.

Characteristics of the Cost Studies used for International Comparison

Annual Costs* (million)	Population	Costing Methodology	Cost Types
Australia [53]:AUD 3,947**	One-year prevalence in 0-17-year-olds: 3.7% (based on a population survey on physical and sexual abuse)	Short- and long-term costs of physical, emotional and psychological, sexual abuse, neglect and witness of (or knowledge of) family violence by a combination of top-down and bottom-up methods	Health, Additional educational assistance, Productivity losses of child abuse survivors and due to premature death, Crime, Government expenditures on care and protection, Deadweight losses
Canada [55]:CAD 15,706	Lifetime prevalence in 15-64-year-olds: 30% total, 14.6% severe (based on a population survey on physical and sexual abuse); Lifetime prevalence in 0-14-year-olds: 6.89% (based on the number of investigated cases of physical, emotional, sexual abuse or neglect)	Short- and long-term costs of physical, emotional, sexual abuse, neglect and witnessing violence by a combination of top-down and bottom-up methods	Judicial, Social Services, Education, Health, Employment, Personal
USA [52]:USD 7,300	Number of 0-17-year-old abuse victims (sexual, emotional and physical) in the year 1990: 794,000 (based on a national study of recognized child abuse and neglect); equal to 1,24% of that age group [own calculation]	Short- and long-term costs of physical, sexual and emotional abuse by a combination of top-down and bottom-up methods	Productivity, Medical Care/Ambulance, Mental Health Care, Police/Fire Services, Social/Victim Services, Property Loss/Damage

*Excluding intangible costs.

**From the three presented results the "best estimate" was chosen for comparison.