Table 4. Multinomial logistic regressions of patterns of care received from outside the household.

Variables and categories	Patterns of care received from outside the household
	Informal only1		Formal only1		Formal and informal1
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
France2
Care from household member (RC ‘no’)
Yes	0.68	0.20–2.40	1.54	0.62–3.83	0.56	0.19–1.63
Age group (RC ‘ 75–79’)
80–84	1.23	0.72–2.09	1.12	0.66–1.92	2.68**	1.44–4.97
85 +	1.38	0.64–2.97	2.01*	1.01–4.01	3.52**	1.63–7.58
Gender (RC ‘men’)
Women	1.66	0.93–2.96	1.09	0.65–1.83	1.22	0.65–2.26
Income (RC ‘high’)
Low	2.13*	1.08–4.21	1.16	0.62–2.18	2.14*	1.02–4.51
Medium	1.33	0.69–2.57	0.71	0.40–1.28	0.93	0.44–1.97
Spouse (RC ‘ yes ’)
No	3.05***	1.63–5.72	1.26	0.71–2.22	3.02**	1.46–6.26
ADL limitations (RC ‘none’)
One	1.77	0.77–4.10	1.75	0.79–3.87	3.12*	1.42–6.83
Two or more	2.91*	1.14–7.47	2.70*	1.14–6.43	3.03**	1.25–7.39
IADL limitations (RC ‘none’)
One	1.42	0.65–3.h	2.48*	1.22–5.07	4.97***	2.25–11.0
Two or more	1.47	0.64–3.36	2.37*	1.11–5.05	9.24***	4.31–19.8
Israel3
Care from household member (RC ‘no’)
Yes	0.95	0.27–3.26	1.66	0.58–4.76	0.38	0.11–1.32
Age group (RC ‘ 75–79’)
80–84	1.53	0.81–2.92	0.93	0.42–2.05	1.57	0.68–3.62
85 +	1.98	0.85–4.60	1.50	0.57–3.91	1.01	0.34–3.05
Gender (RC ‘men’)
Women	1.22	0.66–2.26	1.30	0.63–2.69	1.51	0.68–3.38
Income (RC ‘high’)
Low	1.59	0.73–3.43	1.57	0.62–3.94	0.86	0.31–2.34
Medium	1.86	0.87–3.97	2.49*	0.94–4.47	1.83	0.71–4.74
Spouse (RC ‘yes’)
No	3.67***	1.91–7.06	2.05	0.94–4.47	3.96**	1.65–9.51
ADL limitations (RC ‘none’)
One	0.72	0.24–2.14	0.80	0.22–2.96	2.40	0.68–8.48
Two or more	0.25*	0.08–0.80	1.46	0.49–4.33	3.77*	1.16–12.3
IADL limitations (RC ‘none’)
One	2.42*	1.09–5.38	2.60	0.89–7.60	6.12**	1.65–22.8
Two or more	7.04***	2.89–17.2	8.54***	3.07–23.8	19.14***	5.20–70.4

Notes: ADL: Activities of Daily Living. CI: confidence interval. IADL: Instrumental ADL. OR: odds ratio. RC: reference category.

¹The reference category for the pattern of care received is ‘none’.

²Nagelkerke pseudo R² = 0.38.

³Nagelkerke pseudo R² = 0.45.

Significance levels:

^*p < 0.05,

^**p <0.01,

^***p <0.001.