Table 1.

The comparison of five techniques for C3–C7 pedicle screw placement

Group	N	OTa (min)	Excellent	Fair	Poor	E/F portion
1	80	27 ± 3.0	29	21	30	62.5 % (50/80)
2	78	112 ± 10.3	35	29	14	82.1 % (64/78)
3	80	69 ± 6.4	34	36	10	87.5 % (70/80)
4	80	98 ± 11.0	70	10	0	100 % (80/80)
5	80	91 ± 6.0	72	8	0	100 % (80/80)

^aOperation time per specimen