Table 6.
Age‐Adjusted Sex‐Specific Distribution of Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics by VAT/TAT Categories* Among Women (n=848) and Men (n=1038) Limited to the Third Generation*
| Risk Factor | Normal VAT/Normal TAT (A) | High VAT/Normal TAT (B) | High TAT/Normal VAT (C) | High VAT/High TAT (D) | Age‐Adjusted P Value Comparing Groups B and C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||
| n | 518 | 54 | 66 | 210 | |
| Age (y) | 45.3 | 46.2 | 47 | 48.2 | 0.40 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 | 30.2 | 26.3 | 33.2 | <.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.3 | 99.8 | 90.9 | 108.2 | <.0001 |
| VAT (cm3) | 688.8 | 1653.8 | 1037.9 | 2125 | <.0001 |
| TAT (cm3) | 5.7 | 7.5 | 10.2 | 13.1 | <.0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 1.5 | 5.6 | 1.4 | 6.1 | 0.21 |
| Impaired fasting glucose* (%) | 5.9 | 24.1 | 10.2 | 30.4 | 0.04 |
| Hypertension (%) | 10.0 | 25.9 | 15.2 | 31.1 | 0.13 |
| Elevated triglycerides* (%) | 6.6 | 22.2 | 25.1 | 39.1 | 0.71 |
| Low HDL cholesterol* (%) | 14.5 | 38.9 | 24.7 | 47.3 | 0.10 |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 2.8 | 28.2 | 14.5 | 52.3 | 0.06 |
| CVD (%) | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.95 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Current | 11.7 | 16.7 | 15.8 | 19.9 | 0.90 |
| Former | 36.6 | 27.8 | 41.6 | 36.2 | 0.12 |
| Never | 51.9 | 55.6 | 42.5 | 44.4 | 0.16 |
| Men | |||||
| N | 585 | 85 | 130 | 238 | |
| Age (y) | 42.5 | 44.4 | 45.5 | 46.4 | 0.22 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 | 30 | 28.1 | 32.7 | 0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.3 | 104.7 | 100.4 | 111.5 | 0.0007 |
| VAT (cm3) | 1424.7 | 2744.4 | 1940.7 | 3094.9 | <.0001 |
| TAT (cm3) | 10.5 | 13.5 | 18.7 | 23.2 | <.0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 2.5 | 9.3 | 1.3 | 8.1 | 0.01 |
| Impaired fasting glucose* (%) | 25.6 | 40.2 | 41.4 | 46.5 | 0.86 |
| Hypertension (%) | 15.1 | 35.8 | 26.7 | 40.4 | 0.145 |
| Elevated triglycerides* (%) | 26.9 | 62.1 | 53.1 | 58.1 | 0.19 |
| Low HDL Cholesterol* (%) | 20.2 | 54.5 | 35.7 | 42.5 | 0.01 |
| Metabolic syndrome (%) | 12.9 | 59.7 | 37.5 | 67.3 | 0.002 |
| CVD (%) | 2.2 | 4.6 | 0.7 | 3.1 | 0.08 |
| Smoking status (%) | |||||
| Current | 12.8 | 8.3 | 18.8 | 21.2 | 0.04 |
| Former | 23.9 | 27.3 | 27.3 | 28.6 | 0.99 |
| Never | 63.3 | 64.3 | 54.1 | 50.2 | 0.13 |
VAT indicates visceral adipose tissue; TAT, thoracic periaortic fat; BMI indicates body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein.
TAT and VAT categories are defined as high if ≥90th percentile sex‐specific cut points in healthy referent sample. In the Third Generation, high TAT corresponded to volumes ≥8.79 and 15.72 cm3 in women and men, respectively. High VAT has been previously defined as ≥1359 cm3 in women and ≥2323 cm3 in men.
Sample sizes vary from row to row, as available data were used for a given characteristic.
Defined as fasting plasma glucose 100 to 125 mg/dL and not currently taking diabetes medication.
Defined as ≥150 mg/dL or lipid treatment.
Defined as <40 mg/dL (men) and <50 mg/dL (women).