TABLE 3.

Stages of vitamin D deficiency and adverse effects

Stage	Serum 25(OH)D, ng/mL	Maternal adverse effects	Newborn infant adverse effects
Severe deficiency	<10	Increased risk of preeclampsia, calcium malabsorption, bone loss, poor weight gain, myopathy, higher parathyroid hormone levels	Small for gestational age, neonatal hypocalcemia, hypocalcemic seizures, infantile heart failure, enamel defects, large fontanelle, congenital rickets, rickets of infancy if breastfed
Insufficiency	11–32	Bone loss, subclinical myopathy	Neonatal hypocalcemia, reduced bone mineral density, rickets of infancy if breastfed
Adequacy	32–100	Adequate calcium balance, parathyroid hormone levels	None, unless exclusively breastfed
Toxicity	>100	Hypercalcemia, increased urine calcium loss	Infantile idiopathic hypercalcemia