Table 1.
Demographic data and clinical characteristics of patients with APN.
| Clinical variables | Number of cases (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Without AKI (n = 26) |
With AKI (n = 13) |
P value | |
| Age (yrs) | 66 ± 18 | 73 ± 10 | 0.204 |
| Male | 9 (35) | 4 (31) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 13 (50) | 6 (46) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 15 (58) | 9 (69) | 0.728 |
| CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 7 (27) | 6 (46) | 0.290 |
| Baseline eGFRa | 79 ± 33 | 67 ± 46 | 0.322 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| White blood cell count (k/μL) | 12.7 ± 4.8 | 13.9 ± 8.4 | 0.565 |
| Absolute neutrophil count (k/μL) | 10.8 ± 4.8 | 11.1 ± 7.5 | 0.858 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 99 ± 107 | 115 ± 67 | 0.669 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 2.0 | 0.003 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 28.9 ± 29.6 | 68.7 ± 36.2 | 0.001 |
| Current eGFRb | 78 ± 40 | 22 ± 15 | <0.001 |
| Urine MIF (ng/mg)c | 4.2 ± 3.5 | 17.0 ± 13.2 | 0.004 |
| Serum MIF (ng/mL) | 259.6 ± 240.9 | 279.8 ± 248.1 | 0.810 |
| Gram-negative bacteriad | 24 (92) | 12 (92) | 1.000 |
| Severity score | |||
| REMS | 7.5 ± 3.6 | 7.7 ± 2.8 | 0.893 |
| RAPS | 2.1 ± 2.0 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | 0.174 |
Categorical variables are expressed as a number (percentage), and continuous variables are expressed as the mean ± SD. AKI: acute kidney injury; CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor; REMS: rapid emergency medicine score; RAPS: rapid acute physiology score.
aThe baseline eGFR was estimated using the MDRD equation, and the units are mL/min/1.73 m2.
bThe current eGFR was estimated by the MDRD equation using the serum creatinine level while the patient arrived at the emergency department.
cThe concentrations of MIF in the urine were measured by ELISA and were normalized based on the urinary creatinine levels. We divided the urine levels of MIF by urine creatinine to measure the adjusted urine MIF (ng/mg).
dThe bacterial pathogens of APN were identified and proven as Gram-negative bacteria.