Table 4.
Relationship between plasma cytokine levels and age in rhesus macaques
| Category cytokine |
All animals |
Mean concentration ± st. dev. (pg/ml) |
Pb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlation coefficient ( r )a | P | Younger group (2–9 years) | Middle group (10–17 years) | Older group (18–24 years) | ||
|
Pro-inflammatory / Th1 induction: | ||||||
|
IFN-γ |
0.2569 |
0.0085 |
27.29 ± 24.40 |
26.59 ± 24.09 |
59.99 ± 107.04 |
n.s.c |
|
IL-1β |
0.2704 |
0.0055 |
10.06 ± 14.18 |
10.19 ± 15.57 |
16.67 ± 18.18 |
0.0457 |
|
IL-6 |
0.2163 |
0.0290 |
2.89 ± 3.69 |
3.42 ± 3.94 |
6.18 ± 11.31 |
n.s. |
|
IL-12/IL-23 (p40) |
0.3004 |
0.0019 |
240.91 ± 335.77 |
245.70 ± 339.13 |
443.50 ± 564.21 |
0.0492 |
|
IL-15 |
0.2792 |
0.0045 |
11.25 ± 9.05 |
11.55 ± 8.80 |
16.05 ± 13.57 |
n.s. |
|
IL-17 |
0.0281 |
n.s. |
2.81 ± 5.72 |
2.15 ± 5.20 |
2.97 ± 12.88 |
n.s. |
|
MIF |
0.5151 |
0.0036 |
130.19 ± 61.89 |
371.06 ± 293.29 |
624.15 ± 598.64 |
n.s. |
|
sCD40L |
0.3621 |
0.0016 |
2,731.76 ± 4,072.20 |
2,644.32 ± 3,646.08 |
5,874.23 ± 4,435.26 |
0.0025 |
|
TNF-α |
0.3407 |
0.0004 |
28.40 ± 35.51 |
30.71 ± 42.78 |
62.28 ± 62.43 |
0.0376 |
|
Chemokines: | ||||||
|
Eotaxin (CCL11) |
0.1865 |
n.s. |
441.49 ± 92.46 |
738.88 ± 345.51 |
635.78 ± 370.24 |
n.s. |
|
IL-8 (CXCL8) |
0.2165 |
0.0280 |
1,273.54 ± 2,115.97 |
1,538.39 ± 2,287.07 |
3,970.65 ± 7,165.05 |
0.0345 |
|
I-TAC (CXCL11) |
−0.0762 |
n.s. |
111.86 ± 241.19 |
140.35 ± 198.89 |
92.71 ± 116.12 |
n.s. |
|
MCP-1 (CCL2) |
0.2644 |
0.0067 |
318.35 ± 176.44 |
338.75 ± 236.98 |
400.60 ± 190.78 |
0.0270 |
|
MDC (CCL22) |
0.1279 |
n.s. |
934.06 ± 626.64 |
1,657.17 ± 729.31 |
1,220.65 ± 1,113.48 |
n.s. |
|
MIG (CXCL9) |
−0.4799 |
0.0073 |
112.82 ± 24.23 |
120.31 ± 22.89 |
83.66 ± 13.81 |
0.0019 |
|
MIP-1α (CCL3L1) |
0.2877 |
0.0031 |
23.64 ± 20.58 |
25.07 ± 22.63 |
36.69 ± 33.56 |
0.0466 |
|
MIP-1β (CCL4) |
0.0786 |
0.0108 |
19.84 ± 19.56 |
15.33 ± 15.74 |
24.78 ± 37.63 |
n.s. |
|
RANTES (CCL5) |
0.2065 |
n.s. |
16,617.28 ± 8,693.23 |
43,928.17 ± 61,521.00 |
38,343.38 ± 56,904.69 |
n.s. |
|
Growth factors: | ||||||
|
EGF |
0.6582 |
< 0.0001 |
33.80 ± 6.86 |
85.33 ± 126.15 |
321.85 ± 148.42 |
<0.0001 |
|
FGF-basic |
0.4038 |
0.0269 |
13.24 ± 2.59 |
13.85 ± 2.14 |
20.05 ± 8.54 |
n.s. |
|
G-CSF |
0.3179 |
0.0011 |
73.69 ± 94.41 |
77.18 ± 94.45 |
115.94 ± 111.56 |
0.0258 |
|
GM-CSF |
0.0162 |
n.s. |
83.77 ± 247.97 |
93.94 ± 273.92 |
74.80 ± 210.17 |
n.s. |
|
HGF |
0.1149 |
n.s. |
107.24 ± 23.63 |
148.00 ± 73.14 |
136.17 ± 107.81 |
n.s. |
|
IL-2 |
0.4062 |
< 0.0001 |
75.93 ± 84.58 |
87.88 ± 72.09 |
162.49 ± 131.83 |
0.0004 |
|
TGF-α |
0.2533 |
0.0318 |
9.28 ± 7.64 |
7.50 ± 6.30 |
13.75 ± 8.05 |
0.0258 |
|
TGF-β1 |
0.1896 |
n.s. |
17,577.10 ± 7,978.62 |
16,257.61 ± 7,884.94 |
22,025.53 ± 8,156.91 |
n.s. |
|
TGF-β2 |
0.1043 |
n.s. |
2,252.57 ± 1,121.62 |
2,113.75 ± 1,141.93 |
2,493.74 ± 847.81 |
n.s. |
|
TGF-β3 |
−0.3218 |
0.0457 |
27.66 ± 13.09 |
17.57 ± 9.15 |
19.46 ± 9.79 |
n.s. |
|
VEGF |
0.0380 |
n.s. |
91.90 ± 164.42 |
77.34 ± 158.25 |
105.50 ± 169.99 |
n.s. |
|
Anti-inflammatory / B cell and Th2 induction: | ||||||
|
IL-1ra |
0.3533 |
0.0002 |
195.35 ± 393.17 |
212.41 ± 352.53 |
466.24 ± 559.77 |
0.0126 |
|
IL-4 |
0.3496 |
0.0003 |
73.18 ± 144.16 |
86.82 ± 157.78 |
170.45 ± 197.72 |
0.0120 |
|
IL-5 |
−0.3003 |
0.0022 |
4.45 ± 5.63 |
3.28 ± 4.46 |
1.51 ± 2.37 |
0.0021 |
|
IL-10 |
0.1017 |
n.s. |
4.60 ± 4.33 |
5.73 ± 9.92 |
6.35 ± 9.52 |
n.s. |
| IL-13 | 0.2172 | n.s. | 2.37 ± 1.96 | 3.76 ± 4.62 | 4.05 ± 6.28 | n.s. |
a Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for each circulating cytokine concentration over age of the rhesus macaques. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
b Means of circulating cyotokine concentration were calculated for the three age groups of rhesus macaques. Student’s t Test was measured to determine statistically significant differences between the older and younger groups of animals. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
c n.s.; not significant.