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. 2012 Dec 10;9:142. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-142

Table 1.

Individual, social and environmental correlates associated with cycling to/from school in Logistic regression models

 
 Associations with never cycling to/from school
 Associations with always cycling to/from school
  Independent models N = 850 Fully adjusted model N = 850 Independent models N = 850 Fully adjusted model N = 850
Variables
 OR (95% CI)
 OR (95% CI)
 OR (95% CI)
 OR (95% CI)
Family factors
  
  
  
  
SES (ref. low SES)
 1.0 (0.93-1.08)
 NI
 1.01 (0.96-1.07)
 NI
Number of children in household (ref. no siblings)
 0.94 (0.85-1.04)
 NI
 1.09 (1.02-1.17)*
 1.05 (0.95-1.15)
Family structure (ref. dual)
 1.15 (1.05-1.25)**
 1.11 (1.02-1.2)*
 0.93 (0.87-0.98)*
 0.92 (0.86-0.98)**
Personal factors
  
  
  
  
Independent mobility with the bicycle (ref. low)
 0.74 (0.68-0.79)***
 0.84 (0.78-0.91)***
 1.15 (1.09-1.22)***
 1.06 (1.0-1.13)*
Parental perceived motor competence of the child (ref. low)
 0.95 (0.88-1.03)
 NI
 1.03 (0.97-1.09)
 NI
Parental perceived biking skills of the child (ref. not good)
 0.69 (1.63-0.76)***
 0.77 (0.7-0.84)***
 1.15 (1.07-1.23)***
 1.08 (1.01-1.16)*
Behavioral factors (ref. low)
  
  
  
  
Sports participation
 0.95 (0.88-1.02)
 NI
 1.0 (0.95-1.05)
 NI
TV-watching
 0.99 (0.93-1.06)
 NI
 1.08 (1.03-1.14)**
 1.09 (1.04-1.15)***
PC-using
 1.01 (0.93-1.09)
 NI
 1.02 (0.97-1.07)
 NI
Reading
 0.98 (0.92-1.05)
 NI
 1.0 (0.95-1.05)
 NI
Attitudinal factors (ref. not important)
  
  
  
  
Attitude towards physical activity
 0.94 (0.78-1.15)
 NI
 1.06 (0.92-1.22)
 NI
Attitude towards cycling to school
 0.78 (0.72-0.84)***
 0.89 (0.81-0.97)**
 1.13 (1.07-0.20)***
 1.03 (0.97-1.1)
Attitude towards cycling to work
 0.92 (0.85-0.99)**
 1.04 (0.96-1.11)
 1.01 (0.96-1.06)
 NI
Attitude towards cycling training
 1.06 (0.96-1.18)
 NI
 1.02 (0.95-1.09)
 NI
Risk factor (ref. low)
 1.12 (1.05-1.2)***
 1.03 (0.96-1.1)
 0.92 (0.88-0.97)**
 0.96 (0.92-1.02)
Social environmental factors (ref. disagree)
  
  
  
  
As parents we walk/bike along with our child to school
 0.92 (0.86-0.99)*
 0.95 (0.89-1.03)
 0.93 (0.88-0.97)**
 0.91 (0.87-0.96)***
Siblings often active commute to school
 0.83 (0.77-0.89)***
 0.99 (0.9-1.08)
 1.14 (1.08-1.2)***
 1.04 (0.97-1.11)
Friends often active commute to school
 0.89 (0.83-0.96)**
 1.0 (0.93-1.08)
 1.05 (0.99-1.1)
 NI
As parents, we encourage our child to actively commute to school
 0.68 (0.63-0.73)***
 0.78 (0.7-0.87)***
 1.2 (1.13-1.26)***
 1.0 (0.92-1.08)
Siblings encourage my child to actively commute to school
 0.8 (0.75-0.86)***
 1.0 (0.92-1.09)
 1.19 (1.14-1.26)***
 1.04 (0.98-1.11)
Friends encourage my child to actively commute to school
 0.81 (0.75-0.88)***
 0.9 (0.83-1.0)*
 1.18 (1.12-1.24)***
 1.08 (1.01-1.15)*
In my neighborhood many children active commute to school
 0.9 (0.85-0.98)**
 1.04 (0.96-1.12)
 1.1 (1.05-1.16)***
 1.02 (0.96-1.08)
In my neighborhood many parents active commute to work
 0.9 (0.83-1.0)
 NI
 0.97 (0.92-1.02)
 NI
In my neighborhood many parents walk/bike along with their child to school
 1.01 (0.93-1.09)
 NI
 0.97 (0.92-1.02)
 NI
Many peers of my child live in my neighborhood
 0.93 (0.87-1.0)
 NI
 1.03 (0.98-1.08)
 NI
People around here are willing to help their neighbors
 0.95 (0.88-1.02)
 NI
 0.99 (0.94-1.04)
 NI
This is a close knit neighborhood
 1.0 (0.94-1.08)
 NI
 0.99 (0.94-1.05)
 NI
My child often plays in the street with other kids in my area
 0.9 (0.84-0.97)**
 0.94 (0.88-1.02)
 1.05 (1.0-1.10)
 NI
Cognitive factor (ref. low)
  
  
  
  
Habit of cycling to school
 0.81 (0.76-0.88)***
 1.02 (0.93-1.11)
 1.25 (1.19-1.31)***
 1.18 (1.11-1.25)***
-Cycling to school is something my child does automatically
  
  
  
  
-Cycling to school is something that belongs to my child’s daily routine
  
  
  
  
-Cycling to school is something that my child typifies
  
  
  
  
-Cycling to school is something my child has been doing for a long time
  
  
  
  
Perceived behavior control for cycling to school
 0.82 (0.74-0.92)***
 0.84 (0.75-0.93)**
 1.01 (0.93-1.09)
 NI
-My child is able to bicycle to school on a regular base
  
  
  
  
-It’s up to my child to decide if he/she bicycle to school
  
  
  
  
-It’s up to the parents to decide if their child bicycles to school
  
  
  
  
Physical environmental factors
  
  
  
  
Residential density (ref. low)
 1.09 (1.01-1.16)*
 1.02 (0.94-1.09)
 1.0 (0.94-1.05)
 NI
Walking and cycling facilities (ref. not good)
 0.93 (0.83-1.05)
 NI
 0.99 (0.91-1.08)
 NI
Connectivity (ref. low)
 0.98 (0.9-1.05)
 NI
 0.98 (0.93-1.04)
 NI
Esthetics (ref. not good)
 0.97 (0.89-1.06)
 NI
 1.02 (0.96-1.08)
 NI
Traffic safety (ref. not safe)
 0.88 (0.77-1.0)*
 0.98 (0.85-1.14)
 1.19 (1.08-1.31)***
 1.18 (1.07-1.31)***
Crime safety (ref. not safe)
 0.97 (0.9-1.04)
 NI
 1.0 (0.95-1.05)
 NI
Route factors to school (ref. no)
  
  
  
  
Route along quiet roads
 0.9 (0.83-0.97)**
 1.09 (0.93-1.25)
 1.07 (1.01-1.13)*
 0.98 (0.89-1.09)
Route along busy roads
 1.14 (1.05-1.23)***
 1.08 (0.92-1.25)
 0.94 (0.88-0.99)*
 1.0 (0.9-1.12)
Route along roads with walking and cycling facilities
 1.19 (1.11-1.27)***
 1.18 (1.1-1.27)***
 0.93 (0.88-0.98)**
 0.92 (0.88-0.97)**
Route along roads with streetlights
 0.96 (0.86-1.08)
 NI
 0.97 (0.90-1.05)
 NI
Route along (a) road(s) with a steep incline
 1.05 (0.9-1.22)
 NI
 0.95 (0.86-1.06)
 NI
Route along a busy intersection
 1.05 (0.97-1.14)
 NI
 0.96 (0.91-1.02)
 NI
Route along the center of town
 1.05 (0.97-1.14)
 NI
 0.97 (0.91-1.03)
 NI
Route along the countryside 1.14 (0.81-0.97)** 0.95 (0.86-1.04) 0.99 (0.92-1.06) NI

All analyses adjusted for age, gender, child BMI, household car access and distance to school.

*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (all bolded).

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SES, socioeconomic status; NI, not included in the model.