Viral
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Genes
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~80: 4 diploid (ICP4, 0, 34.5, LAT)
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68: 3 diploid (ORFs 62, 63, 64)
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Genome
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Size
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~152kbp
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~125kbp
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G + C content
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−67%
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−47%
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Repeats
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-Large repeats for both UL and US
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-Large on US only; 88.5 bp on UL
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Isomers
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4
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Mostly 2 with UL region fixed
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miRNA
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From LAT region- role not yet clear
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No known miRNAs
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Viral Proteins
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regulation
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Regulated Cascade –defined as
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Likely similar, but difficult to define experimentally
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Immediate Early differences
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|
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α, β1, β2, γ1, γ2-six genes (ICP0, ICP4, ICP27, ICP22, ICP1.5, ICP47.
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-Three genes reported to date
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-All have TAATGARAT motif in IE promoters
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-ORF/IE62(ICP4 Eeq) ORF/IE4(ICP27 eq) and ORF/IE63 (ICP22 eq)
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-No ortholog of ICP47.
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-Only IE62 has TAATGARAT in promoter
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Short Region differences
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-gD, an essential protein involved in receptor & entry
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-No gD, is essential-
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-gE not required in culture
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-gE is key receptor binding protein
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-Missing several HSV equivalents
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Tegument differences
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-UL48 (VP16) required in culture:
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-ORF10(VP16 Eq) not required in culture:
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-UL49 not required
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-ORF9 (UL49 eq) required
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Primary Infection
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Route of Infection
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Spread through direct contact.
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Spread via aerosol and inhalation.
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Location of 1o infection
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-Epithelia in mucosa, cornea or in epidermal layers of the skin
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-Epithelial and immune cells in respiratory lymphoid tissues, tonsils
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-Usually no viremia
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-Cell associated viremia
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-Secondary infection at the sub-dermis
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Spread to neurons
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-Usually local only
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-Systemic across entire neuraxis
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-Accesses neuronal axon termini in skin
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-Same as HSV; may also access neurons during viremia thrugh immune cells
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Innate
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TLR-2,3,9 respond to infection
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Thought to be the same, but not known
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IFN regulates infection
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IFN regulates infection
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NO helps retard viral replication
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Role of NO not known
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ICP0 degrades PML and ND10 proteins
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Susceptible to PML caging.
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ORF61 modifies ND10, does not degrade PML
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Innate and adaptive immunity
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Adaptive T cell response
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CD4 and CD8 encounter antigen on DCs and respond to infection
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-T cells infected by VZV leading to viral spread.
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-CD4 and CD8 T cells are VZV specific
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DC
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Can infect and reduce presentation to T cells by DCs
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-Can infect and reduce presentation to T cells by DCs
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Humoral Response
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Elicit antibodies against broad viral antigens. IgA, IgG and IgM
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-Elicit antibodies against broad viral antigens. IgA, IgG and IgM.
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-Antibodies are used in high risk patients to treat VZV
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-Antibody has less role on control of infection/ latency and reactivation
|
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Immune Evasion
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ICP47 blocks TAP function.
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-Does not block TAP function.
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-Still blocks MHCI and II expression.
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-Blocks MHCI by ORF66 kinase
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Inhibit IFN responses thru VHS, ICP0, and γ34.5
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-Inhibit IFN responses by IE63, IE62
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-ORF61 blocks NFkB signaling
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gC blocks complement deposition
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No equivalent activity for gC
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Fc binding ability of gE
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VZV gE and gI complex to bind Fc
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ICP22, Us5, Us3 and LAT inhibit apoptosis by NK and CD8+ cell mediated lysis
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ORF63 blocks apoptosis
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Models and Neuronal Latency
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Animal modeling
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-Most animal models replicate virus
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-Guinea pig only small natural animal model that replicates virus
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-Most show similar disease to humans
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-No natural model of varicella
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-No model of reactivated disease
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Location of latency
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Sensory ganglia, especially trigeminal ganglia
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-Most sensory and autonomic ganglia
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-Distributed across entire neuraxis
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Load
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Generally higher genome load than VZV
|
About one magnitude lower genome load
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Maintenance latency
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-Endless Circular episome.
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-Endless circular episome.
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-Heterochromatinated state
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-Assumed to be Heterochromatinated state
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Latent Gene Expression
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-Abundant transcripts from LAT region
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-RNAs for ORFs 4,21,61,10,29,62,63, and 66. --Reported protein expression is controversial
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-LATs processed into miRNAs
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-ORF63 most often reported as expressed
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-LATs block apoptosis
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-Rare protein expression without virus
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Immune Component
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-Drives ganglionic CD8+ immune infiltrate
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-No Immune infiltrate yet reported
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-CD8 may control reactivation events
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-Cellular immunity maintains latency
|
Reactivation and disease |
Occurrence
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-May Reactivate frequently
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-Reactivated disease usually never or once
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-Incidence drops with age
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-Incidence rises with age and declining cellular immunity.
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-Disease similar to primary infection
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-Occurs anywhere on body
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-At same site as 1o infection
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-Disease clinically different from 1o Infection
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Ganglionic Spread
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Involves 1 or few neurons
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-Usually intraganglionic spread
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-Large lesions covering a dermatome.
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Causes of reactivation
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Multiple environmental and physiological factors
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-Mainly immune senescence or suppression.
|
|
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-Environmental and physiological factors may contribute
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Pain upon reactivation |
-Not usually
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-Nearly always neurological involvement
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-Some sensory loss with repeated recurrence |
−90% of zoster has pain
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-May develop to post herpetic neuralgia |