Table 1.
General characteristics of both groups at baseline
| S-dAGEs | L-dAGEs | t/Z* | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean ± SD | mean ± SD | |||
| n = 13 | n = 13 | |||
| Gender (M/F) | 2/11 | 1/12 | ||
| Age (years) | 48.5 ± 6.2 | 46.0 ± 5.0 | 1.14 | 0.26 |
| Year since diagnosis of DM | 6.3 ± 4.9 | 4.1 ± 3.5 | 1.31 | 0.2 |
| Weight (kg) | 69.7 ± 14 | 72 ± 10.4 | 1.82 | 0.31 |
| BMI | 28.8 ± 4.76 | 29.8 ± 4.0 | 1.34 | 0.62 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130 ± 19 | 121 ± 21 | 1.26 | 0.69 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82 ± 11 | 75 ± 11 | 1.01 | 0.99 |
| Biochemical data | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 151.3 ± 55.8 | 147.7 ± 64.9 | 1.36 | 0.6 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.08 ± 2.28 | 8.05 ± 1.46 | 1.5 | 0.14 |
| Total-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 185.6 ± 35.2 | 162.4 ± 35.2 | 1.03 | 0.96 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 239.1 ± 97.4 | 203.7 ± 106.3 | 1.11 | 0.86 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 104.4 ± 34.4 | 88.9 ± 31.3 | 1.24 | 0.71 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 44.1 ± 11.6 | 42.5 ± 8.9 | 1.61 | 0.42 |
| Metabolic markers | ||||
| Fluorescent serum AGEs (arbitrary units) | 6.91 ± 1.44 | 7.1 ± 2 | 1.9 | 0.29 |
| Malondialdehyde (µmol/l) | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 4.3 ± 2 | 3.42 | <0.04 |
| PCR (mg/l) | 10.2 ± 6.2 | 6.9 ± 6.1 | 1.01 | 0.98 |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 14.4 ± 8.10 | 34.9 ± 18.7 | 2.95* | <0.002 |
| Insulin (µU/ml) | 18.6 ± 17.2 | 14.4 ± 6.8 | 6.33 | <0.003 |
| Homa-IR | 6.9 ± 6.6 | 5.3 ± 3.2 | 4.15 | <0.02 |
| Dietary variables | ||||
| Kilocal/day | 1737 ± 393 | 1619 ± 324 | 1.47 | 0.51 |
| Carbohydrates (g/day) | 243.4 ± 75.7 | 240 ± 67.5 | 1.26 | 0.7 |
| Fats (gr/day) | 50.7 ± 14.7 | 40.5 ± 13.4 | 1.21 | 0.74 |
| Proteins (gr/day) | 73.1 ± 11.4 | 70.4 ± 20.7 | 3.37 | <0.04 |
| dAGEs (as CML, KU/day) | 9910 ± 4164 | 8956 ± 3587 | 1.35 | 0.61 |
We included 34 patients, 17 in the group with the S-dAGEs and 17 the group with L-dAGEs; 5 of them were excluded because during the follow-up they showed clinical evidence of an infectious disease, and 3 because they required modification in the hypoglycemic treatment. * Mann-Whitney U test.