Table 1.

Overview of signaling in adult neural stem cells

Signal	Effect on neurogenesis	Cell type	In vitro/vivo	Reference
EXTRINSIC
Morphogens
Wnt	increases neurogenesis required for neuronal differentiation stimulates NSC proliferation/self-renewal	SGZ SGZ SGZ/SVZ	in vivo in vivo in vitro/vivo	[37] [38] [42, 44]
Notch	required for NSC proliferation, maintenance required for dendritic arborization	SGZ/SVZ SGZ	in vitro/vivo in vivo	[52, 53, 55, 56] [52, 55]
Shh	required Tor progenitor proliferation required for NSC maintainance required for neuroblast migration	SGZ/SVZ SVZ SVZ	in vitro/vivo in vivo in vivo	[69, 73, 75] [76] [76, 77]
BMP	decreases neurogenesis promotes neuroblast survival	SVZ SVZ	in vivo in vitro	[132] [132]
Growth Factors
BDNF	increases neuragenesis required for dendritic arborization	SGZ/SVZ SGZ	in vivo in vivo	[92, 93, 94] [95]
NT-3	required for neuron al differentiation	SGZ	in vivo	[98]
FGF-2	increases neurogenesis	SGZ	in vivo	[104, 105]
IGF-1	increases neuragenesis required for neuroblast migration	SGZ SVZ	in vivo in vivo	[108, 109] [110]
VEGF	increases ne ura genesis	SGZ SVZ	in vitro/vivo	[121]
Neurotransmitters
Glutamate	required for survival of migrating neuroblasts required for neuronal survival	SVZ SGZ/SVZ	in vivo in vivo	[144] [150]
GABA	decreases NSC proliferation required for dendritic arborization required for NSC quiescence	SVZ SGZ SGZ	in vivo in vivo in vivo	[156] [158] [159]
Dopamine	required for progenitor proliferation	SGZ/SVZ	in vivo	[11, 164, 165]
INTRINSIC
Transcription Factors
CREB	required for neuron al survival, dendritic arborization	SGZ/SVZ	in vivo	[175, 177]
Pax6	promotes neuronal differentiation	SVZ	in vivo	[184, 185]
Ascl1	overexpression instructs oligodendrocyte fate	SGZ	in vivo	[188]
Dlx-2	increases neuronal differentiation, migration velocity	SVZ	in vitro/vivo	[189, 190]
Tlx	required for NSC proliferation/self-renewal	SGZ/SVZ	in vivo/vitro	[41, 42, 193]
Sox2	required for NSC/neural progenior tell proliferation	SGZ/SVZ	in vivo	[203]
Tbr2	required for differentiation of neuronal precursors	SGZ	in vivo	[215]
NeuroD	necessary for survival, maturation of neuroblasts	SGZ	in vitro/vivo	[39]
Epigenetic Regulators
GADD45b	mediates activity-induced NSC5 proliferation	SGZ	in vivo	[233]
miR-124	promotes neuronal differentiation	SVZ	in vitro/vivo	[207]
MBD1	required for neuronal differentiation	SGZ	in vitro/vivo	[221, 222, 223]
MeCP2	required for neuronal maturation, dendrite formation	SGZ	in vivo	[228]
miR-137	required for NSC proliferation, maintainance	SGZ/SVZ	in vitro/vivo	[231]
Bmi-1	required for NSC proliferation, maintainance	SVZ	in vivo	[239, 240]
MII-1	required for neuronal differentiation	SVZ	in vivo	[243]
FMRP	required for neuronal differentiation required for activity-dependent dendrite formation	SGZ SVZ	in vitro/vivo in vivo	[248, 249] [250]