Table 1.
Characteristics of acute kidney injury cases and matched controls. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | Cases (n=2215) | Controls (n=21 993) |
|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) age (years)* | 76.9 (10.9) | 76.9 (10.7) |
| Male sex* | 1133 (51.2) | 11 226 (51.0) |
| Mean (SD) duration of follow-up (years)* | 5.9 (3.4) | 5.9 (3.4) |
| Body mass index: | ||
| <18.5 | 48 (2.2) | 346 (1.6) |
| 18.5-24 | 423 (19.1) | 4662 (21.2) |
| 25-29 | 468 (21.1) | 5563 (25.3) |
| ≥30 | 467 (21.1) | 3548 (16.1) |
| Unknown | 809 (36.5) | 7874 (35.8) |
| Excessive alcohol use | 302 (13.6) | 1882 (8.6) |
| Smoking status: | ||
| Ever | 1288 (58.1) | 11 207 (51.0) |
| Never | 848 (38.3) | 9962 (45.3) |
| Unknown | 79 (3.6) | 824 (3.7) |
| At least one hospital admission† | 805 (36.3) | 2174 (9.9) |
| Mean (SD) No of hospital admissions‡ | 6.3 (6.1) | 2.9 (4.3) |
| Diabetes | 726 (32.8) | 3905 (17.8) |
| Indication for use: | ||
| Hypertension | 1145 (51.7) | 12 684 (57.7) |
| Congestive heart failure | 130 (5.9) | 512 (2.3) |
| Coronary artery disease | 37 (1.7) | 339 (1.5) |
| Two or more | 155 (7.0) | 782 (3.6) |
| Unknown | 748 (33.8) | 7676 (34.9) |
| Rhythm disorders | 456 (20.6) | 2728 (12.4) |
| Valvular disease | 5 (0.2) | 28 (0.1) |
| Other cardiovascular disease | 17 (0.8) | 44 (0.2) |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg): | ||
| 140≤systolic<160 or 90≤diastolic<100 | 751 (33.9) | 7705 (35.0) |
| 160≤systolic<180 or 100≤diastolic<110 | 318 (14.4) | 2924 (13.3) |
| Systolic≥180 or diastolic≥110 | 114 (5.1) | 805 (3.7) |
| Unknown | 1032 (46.6) | 10 559 (48.0) |
| Other antihypertensive drugs: | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 712 (32.1) | 7340 (33.4) |
| β blockers | 701 (31.7) | 6366 (29.0) |
| Anti-arrhythmics | 199 (9.0) | 1515 (6.9) |
| Digoxin | 304 (13.7) | 1407 (6.4) |
| Clopidogrel | 150 (6.8) | 921 (4.2) |
| Statins | 1039 (46.9) | 8951 (40.7) |
| Antibiotics | 1448 (65.4) | 9291 (42.2) |
| Immunosuppressive agents | 123 (5.6) | 509 (2.3) |
| Paracetamol | 1234 (55.7) | 8905 (40.5) |
| Corticosteroids | 427 (19.3) | 2993 (13.6) |
*Matching variables (along with year of cohort entry).
†Within current time window before index date.
‡From Hospital Episode Statistics database.