Table 1. Characteristics of the study cohort.
| Measurement | Men (N=338) | Women (N=227) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | |
| ANTHROPOMETRY | ||||||
| Birth | ||||||
| Weight (g) | 337 | 2856 | 467 | 225 | 2795 | 399 |
| WHO weight SD score | 337 | -1.11 | 1.05 | 225 | -1.04 | 0.97 |
| Length (cm) | 337 | 48.5 | 2.2 | 225 | 48.2 | 2.1 |
| WHO length SD score | 337 | -0.71 | 1.15 | 225 | -0.49 | 1.11 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 337 | 12.1 | 1.3 | 225 | 12.0 | 1.2 |
| WHO BMI SD score | 337 | -1.20 | 1.19 | 225 | -1.23 | 1.10 |
| At 2 years | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 337 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 226 | 9.9 | 1.2 |
| WHO weight SD score | 337 | -1.52 | 1.09 | 226 | -1.26 | 0.99 |
| Height (cm) | 338 | 81.0 | 3.5 | 226 | 80.0 | 3.4 |
| WHO height SD score | 338 | -2.22 | 1.14 | 226 | -1.97 | 1.06 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 337 | 15.7 | 1.2 | 226 | 15.5 | 1.2 |
| WHO BMI SD score | 337 | -0.07 | 1.00 | 226 | 0.02 | 0.89 |
| At 11 years | ||||||
| Weight (kg) | 332 | 27.9 | 4.1 | 221 | 28.5 | 5.5 |
| WHO weight SD score | 332 | -1.06 | 0.93 | 221 | -1.12 | 1.16 |
| Height (cm) | 333 | 135.7 | 5.3 | 221 | 135.4 | 6.7 |
| WHO height SD score | 333 | -1.11 | 0.79 | 221 | -1.45 | 1.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 332 | 15.1 | 1.5 | 221 | 15.4 | 1.8 |
| WHO BMI SD score | 332 | -1.27 | 1.02 | 221 | -1.12 | 1.07 |
| Adult | ||||||
| Age (years) | 338 | 36.2 | 0.9 | 227 | 36.2 | 1.0 |
| Weight (kg) | 338 | 76.5 | 12.2 | 227 | 67.8 | 14.0 |
| Height (cm) | 338 | 170.2 | 6.3 | 227 | 155.9 | 5.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 338 | 26.4 | 3.7 | 227 | 27.9 | 5.4 |
| BONE MINERAL MEASUREMENTS | ||||||
| Left femoral neck | ||||||
| Area (cm2) | 338 | 5.3 | 0.4 | 227 | 4.7 | 0.3 |
| BMC (g) | 338 | 4.3 | 0.7 | 227 | 3.6 | 0.6 |
| aBMD (g/cm2) | 338 | 0.81 | 0.12 | 227 | 0.78 | 0.12 |
| BMAD (g/cm3) | 338 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 227 | 0.32 | 0.05 |
| T-score | 338 | -0.88 | 0.92 | 227 | -0.64 | 1.05 |
| Lumbar spine | ||||||
| Area (cm2) | 338 | 60.0 | 5.6 | 227 | 51.0 | 4.6 |
| BMC (g) | 338 | 59.3 | 10.7 | 227 | 50.5 | 9.1 |
| aBMD (g/cm2) | 338 | 0.98 | 0.12 | 227 | 0.99 | 0.12 |
| BMAD (g/cm3) | 338 | 0.25 | 0.03 | 227 | 0.27 | 0.03 |
| T-score | 338 | -0.97 | 1.10 | 227 | -0.56 | 1.08 |
| Left forearma | ||||||
| Area (cm2) | 337 | 21.9 | 2.20 | 227 | 17.7 | 1.80 |
| BMC (g) | 337 | 13.2 | 1.9 | 227 | 9.4 | 1.3 |
| aBMD (g/cm2) | 337 | 0.60 | 0.05 | 227 | 0.53 | 0.04 |
| T-score | 337 | -1.33 | 1.02 | 227 | -0.69 | 0.78 |
| LIFESTYLE FACTORS | ||||||
| Exercise | ||||||
| Total scoreb | 338 | 852 | 1.4 | 227 | 705 | 1.8 |
| Any leisure exercise (%) | 338 | 28.4 | - | 227 | 41.0 | - |
| Tobacco use (%) | ||||||
| In past, not now | 338 | 3.6 | - | 227 | 0.0 | - |
| Current | 338 | 26.3 | - | 227 | 0.0 | - |
| Alcohol intake (%) | ||||||
| Current | 338 | 46.2 | - | 227 | 2.2 | - |
| Employment status (%) | ||||||
| Housewife | 337 | - | - | 226 | 64.2 | - |
| Unemployed | 337 | 1.2 | - | 226 | 0.4 | - |
| Unskilled or semi-skilled manual | 337 | 5.3 | - | 226 | 0.4 | - |
| Skilled manual | 337 | 35.0 | - | 226 | 26.1 | - |
| Non-manual, business or professional | 337 | 58.5 | - | 226 | 8.8 | - |
| Educational status (%) | ||||||
| Middle school or less | 338 | 8.6 | - | 227 | 5.3 | - |
| High school or diploma | 338 | 34.6 | - | 227 | 30.4 | - |
| Graduate | 338 | 43.8 | - | 227 | 48.9 | - |
| Postgraduate or professional | 338 | 13.0 | - | 227 | 15.4 | - |
| No. of household possessions | 338 | 13.3 | 2.3 | 227 | 13.2 | 2.0 |
| Parity | - | - | - | 222 | 2.7 | 1.5 |
| Age at menarche (years) | - | - | - | 223 | 13.6 | 1.2 |
a
Forearm not measured in one male participant
b
Geometric mean and standard deviation.