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PBEF treatment induces secretion of VEGF from amniotic epithelial cells. Primary AEC were treated with 0, 10, 100 and 250 ng/ml PBEF for 24 h, and VEGF levels from the cell supernatant were measured by ELISA. PBEF up-regulated VEGF secretion by both A) placental AEC and B) reflected AEC. Data are displayed as the percent of untreated control cells, and the line represents the mean percent change. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.005).
