Age >65 y |
Previous hospitalization and prolonged length of hospital stay |
Nursing home or long-term care facility residence |
Contact with active carriers |
Antibiotic exposure |
Increased risk with prolonged use or multiple antibiotics |
Consumption of processed meat |
Previous gastrointestinal surgery or endoscopic procedure |
Presence of comorbid conditions |
Malignancy and chemotherapy |
Cystic fibrosis |
Diabetes mellitus |
Liver cirrhosis |
Chronic kidney disease |
Inflammatory bowel disease |
Immunosuppression, immunodeficiency, or human immunodeficiency virus |
Malnutrition |
Hypoalbuminemia |
Use of proton pump inhibitors |
Solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |
Presence of gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube |