| India |
•Chennai city, TamilNaduState, 4.55 million population |
The study clustersincluded well developed urban areas with electricity and paved streets (90%), generally piped water and indoor toilets, and waste collection at least once per week. 70% of the clusters consist of residential areas, predominantly middle class with good/satisfactory housing. Often these are two to five storey buildings with patios or gardens. Almost half of neighborhoods have market places, most of them with schools, and/or cemeteries. There were relatively few green areas with or without leisure activities. Visible garbage dumps and open water pools were found in one third of study clusters and tire capping facilities in one quarter. |
| •Annual average temperature of 31.2°C, average rainfall of 1245.7 mm, relative humidity = 62%–86%. |
| Indonesia |
•Yogyakarta city, within Yogyakarta province, 435,236 inhabitants |
The study clusters included well developed urban areas with electricity and paved streets. Households had mostly indoor toilets but water was mainly drawn by hand from wells. Waste collection was conducted at least once per week in all study neighborhoods. Study site was half residential, half mixed commercial/residential areas of the middle class (no lower class strata included) with good/satisfactory housing conditions. Only one storey buildings, generally with a patio/garden and bushes or trees. Half of study neighborhoods with green areas, with or without leisure activities, almost half of them had schools, quite often cemeteries but rarely market places. Tire capping facilities were found in all study clusters and visible garbage dumps in half of them but no open water pools. |
| •Average annual temperature of 27.8°C and average rainfall 2,156 mm, humidity = 72%–87%. |
| Myanmar |
•YangonCity, Yangon Division, 4.8 million inhabitants |
The study clusters were overall reasonably well developed urban areas with electricity and many (75%) with paved streets; water was mainly drawn by hand pumps (79.1% of households); most toilets (83.1%) were in the patio - half of them latrines, half septic tanks. Waste collection at least once per week in all study neighborhoods. Three quarter of neighborhoods were mainly residential, the remainder mixed commercial/residential areas. In the majority the poorer social strata were included in the study, but the housing conditions, mainly one storey buildings, were generally satisfactory to good. One third had patios/gardens and some of these trees and/or bushes. Green areas were frequent but rarely for leisure activities. There were no neighborhoods with cemeteries, half of them with schools and almost half of them with small market places. Many study clusters had visible garbage dumps or open water pools and about one third had tire capping facilities. |
| •Average annual temperature of 24°C average annual rainfall for 2007 was 295 mm, humidity = 67%–91.9%. |
| Philippines |
•MuntinlupaCity, south of the Manila metropolitan area, 446,830 inhabitants. |
Overall well developed urban areas with electricity and paved streets, water was generally drawn by hand pumps but most houses had indoor toilets. Waste collection at least once per week in 83.3% of study clusters. Only residential areas, half of them with middle class the other half with lower class residents, all houses being of a good or satisfactory quality. Half of the houses were one storey buildings the other half two or more storey buildings; one third had patios or gardens and one quarter has trees or bushes. All clusters had green areas, half of them for leisure activities; all had schools. Almost half of the study clusters had market places but there were no cemeteries included. Visible water pools were frequent (half of the study clusters) and visible garbage dumps in one third of clusters; tire capping facilities were seen in one quarter of the neighborhoods. |
| •Average annual temperature for 2006 was 31°C, average annual rainfall was 186 mm, averagerelative humidity = 77%. |
| Sri Lanka |
•Gampaha district, Western Province bordering district of Colombo, 2.1 million inhabitants |
Gampaha district is a rapidly urbanizing district in close proximity to Colombo. Study clusters include well developed urban and peri-urban areas with electricity and frequently paved streets. Water was either drawn by hand pumps (56.4%) or – in town centers - was piped (43.4%) but most houses had outdoor toilets. Waste collection was only done at least once per week in 40% of study neighborhoods. Most clusters had a mix of commercial and residential premises and also a mix of middle and lower class residents; however, 95% of houses –all of them with mainly one storey buildings- were reported to be satisfactory to good. The large majority had patios or gardens and most of them trees or bushes. Most neighborhoods had green areas and several of them for leisure activities. Market places, cemeteries and schools were relatively rare in the study areas. Visible garbage dumps were frequent but open water pools relatively rare. Only 15% of study clusters had tire capping facilities. |
| •Average annual temperature is 27.8°C, annual rainfall > 2500 mm, humidity = 70%–90%. |
| Thailand |
•ChachoengsaoProvince, 120 km east of Bangkok; 654,206 inhabitants. |
Overall well developed town areas with electricity and paved streets, generally piped water and indoor toilets. Waste collection at least once per week in all study clusters. Mainly mixed residential/commercial areas predominantly with a mix of middle and lower class residents but in general with good/satisfactory housing, mainly with two to five storey buildings with patios or gardens (69%) and often with bushes and trees (54.8%). There were few market places, few schools, no cemeteries but a number of green areas (66.6%), many of them for leisure activities. There were only few visible garbage dumps and open water pools and no tire capping facilities at all. |
| •Average temperature is 27.96°C, the average annual rainfall = 1284.06 mm and the average humidity = 76%. |
