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PDMP-elicited vacuolar inclusions are not a result of macroautophagy. (A) Concanamycin A, which can induce vacuolar inclusions in N-starved Arabidopsis roots via macroautophagy, does not do so in short-term treatments of normal roots. (B–D In contrast, vacuolar inclusions can be observed in root cells of the autophagy mutants atg2-1 (B), atg5-1 (C), and atg7-2 (D). Bars, 1 µm (A), 2 µm (B, D) and 3 µm (C).
