Table 1. List of studies exploring effects of cushion species on other plants.

Study	Year	Species	Altitude (m a.s.l.)	region	temperature regime	rainfall	effect
Pyšek a Liška	1991	Sibbaldia tetrandra	3800	Pamiro-Alai, 42°N	-	714	+
Nuňez et al.	1999	Mulinum leptacanthum, Oreopolus glacialis	1550–1600	Andes, 41°S	A 3°C	1000	+
Badano et al.	2002	Oreopolus glacialis	1900	Andes, 37°S		2300	+ but species specific
Cavieres et al.	2002	Bolax gummifera	700–900	Andes, 50°S	A 5°C	900–1000	+ and more evident in higher altitudes
Arroyo et al.	2003	Azorella monantha	700–900	Andes, 50°S	A 5°C	900–1000	+ and great altitudinal variation
Cavieres et al.	2005	Azorella monantha	3100–3300	Andes, 33°S	3.0°C April, 7.6°C February	943	+
Acuňa-Rodriguez et al.	2006	Laretia acaulis	2800	Andes, 33°S	A 5.4°C, S 10°C	400–900	+
Badano et al.	2006	Azorella monantha	3580–3630	Andes, 33°S	S 4°C, 4–5 months	>900	cushion added new species into the community
Badano & Cavieres	2006a	Azorella monantha, Azorella madreporica, Adesmia subterranea	3200–4000	Andes, 30–33°S	A 4.6°C (3700 m)	242–900	+
Badano & Cavieres	2006b	Pycnophyllum bryoides, Azorella madreporica, Adesmia subterranea, Azorella monantha, Laretia acaulis, Mulinum leptacanthum, Oreopolus glacialis, Discaria nana	1600–4400	Andes, 23–41°S	–		+
Cavieres et al.	2006	Laretia acaulis	2800–3200	Andes, 33°S	S 7–12°C (2600 m), 3–7.6°C (3150 m)	445–943	increased facilitation at lower (drier) site
Zoller & Lenzin	2006	Eritrichium nanum	2170–3320	Alps	–	2170–3320	+
Cavieres et al.	2007	Laretia acaulis, Azorella monantha	2800–3600	Andes, 33°S	S 10°C (2800 m), ca. 4°C (3600 m)	400–900	+
Badano & Marquet	2008	Azorella monantha	3580–3630	Andes, 33°S	S 4°C (3600 m)	>900	+
Fajardo et al.	2008	Azorella madreporica	3580–3630	Andes, 33°S	S 3–7.6 °C	943	+/−
Antonsson et al.	2009	Silene acaulis	1150–1447	Scandes, 68°N	A –2.0 °C, warmest month mean 8.6 °C	839	+ above a certain altitudinal threshold
Arredondo-Núňez et al.	2009	a meta-analysis	700–4400	–	–		+
Badano & Marquet	2009	Azorella madreporica	3400	Andes, 33°S	S 6°C, 4–5 months	>900	+
Cavieres & Badano	2009	Mulinum leptacanthum, Discaria nana, Bolax gummifera, Azorella monantha, Pycnophyllum bryoides, Azorella madreporica, Adesmia subterranea, Laretia acaulis, Oreopolus glacialis	900–4400	Andes, 23–50°S	S 2.6–10.1°C	42–1117	always+but lower effects at both extremes of the environmental severity gradient.
Haussmann et al.	2009	Azorella selago	300	Marion Island, 46°S	A 6°C	2000
Quiroz et al.	2009	Azorella madreporica	3200–3580	Andes, 33°S	W 1.7°C, S 6.8°C (3,150 m)	400	+ and changes with altitude
Sklenář	2009	Azorella dicranoides, Azorella corymbosa, Eudema nubigena, Hypochaeris sp., Xenophyllum humile	4650	Andes, 0°S	–	no data	+
Badano et al.	2010	Azorella madreporica, Laretia acaulis,	2700–3600	Andes, 33°S	S 7–12°C (2600 m)	400–900	+/− depends on the environmental context
Haussmann et al.	2010	Azorella selago	300	Marion Island, 46°S	A 6°C	2000	+
Yang et al.	2010	Arenaria polytrichoides	4500–4700	Himalaya, 28°N	A –1.0°C, S 5.6°C	680–790	+ and increases with altitude
de Bello et al.	2011	Thylacospermum caespitosum	5900	Transhimalaya, 33°N	A –10.7°C, S 4.2°C,	100	-
Anthelme et al.	2012	Azorella aretioides	4400, 4550, 4700	Andes, 0°S	1.15°C,	1000	- lower elevation,+upper elevation
this study		Thylacospermum caespitosum	4850–5850	Transhimalaya, 33°N	A –10.4 to –1.6°C, S 4.4 to 7.7°C	100	–

For each study, the table indicates the cushion species that was studied, the elevational range considered (in m a.s.l.), the study region, the approximate mean yearly rainfall (mm year⁻¹), mean annual (A), summer (S), winter (W) temperatures, and the effect detected (‘+’ indicates facilitation, ‘–’ indicates negative effects). Based on de Bello et al. [22].