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Characteristics of calcium wave propagation in linear chains of HUVECs. (a) Behaviors of calcium release and propagation under different conditions. (b) Propagation of calcium wave in endothelial cells patterned in a linear cell chain. (c) A representative plot of the propagation distance and propagation time in a linear cell chain. (d) The dependence of the cell intensity on the propagation distance. (e) The average cell intensity as a function of distance from the stimulation point.
