Table 1.

Existing Phylogenetic Hypotheses within the Polyneopteran Lineages

Relationship	Clade	Criterion	References
Blattodea + Isoptera + Mantodea	Dictyoptera	Morphology	Inward et al. (2007), Yoshizawa (2011)
		Molecular	Terry and Whiting (2005), Kjer et al. (2006), von Reumont et al. (2009), Zhang et al. (2010)
Grylloblattodae + Mantophasmatodea	Xenonomia	Morphology	Klass et al. (2002), Grimaldi and Engel (2005), Wipfler et al. (2011), Friedemann et al. (2012)
		Molecular	Terry and Whiting (2005), Kjer et al. (2006), Ishiwata et al. (2010)
Orthoptera + Phasmatodea	Orthopterida	Morphology	Beutel and Gorb (2006), Yoshizawa (2011)
		Molecular	Wheeler et al. (2001), Misof et al. (2007)
Phasmatodea + Embioptera	Eukinolabia	Morphology	Jintsu et al. (2010), Wipfler et al. (2011), Friedemann et al. (2012)
		Molecular	Whiting et al. (2003), Terry and Whiting (2005), Kjer et al. (2006), Ishiwata et al. (2010)
Zoraptera + Paraneoptera	Parametabola	Morphology	Beutel and Weide (2005)
Plecoptera + remaining Neoptera	(Paraphyly Polyneoptera)	Morphology	Beutel and Gorb (2006)
Dermaptera + Zoraptera	Haplocerata	Morphology	Jarvis et al. (2005)
		Molecular	Jarvis et al. (2005), Terry and Whiting (2005), Xie et al. (2009)
Dermaptera + Plecoptera	—	Molecular	Kjer et al. (2006), Misof et al. (2007), von Reumont et al. (2009), Ishiwata et al. (2010), Simon et al. (2010)
Zoraptera + Dictyoptera	—	Morphology	Boudreaux (1979), Wheeler et al. (2001)
		Molecular	Wheeler et al. (2001), Yoshizawa and Johnson (2005), Ishiwata et al. (2010)
Zoraptera + Embioptera	Mystroptera	Morphology	Engel and Grimaldi (2000), Grimaldi and Engel (2005), Rafael and Engel (2006), Yoshizawa (2007), Yoshizawa (2011)