Table 4. Examples of known and suspected cases of programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting.

Taxon	Product	References
Astroviridae – Avastrovirus, Mamastrovirus	Replicase	Marczinke et al. (1994)
Arteriviridae – Arterivirus	Replicase	den Boon et al. (1991)
Coronaviridae – Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, Bafinivirus, Torovirus	Replicase	Brierley et al. (1987); Bredenbeek et al. (1990); Herold & Siddell (1993); Snijder et al. (1990); Thiel et al. (2003)
Roniviridae – Okavirus	Replicase	Cowley et al. (2000)
Unclassified Nidovirales – Nam Dinh virus, Cavally virus	Replicase	Nga et al. (2011)
Sobemovirus	Replicase	Mäkinen et al. (1995)
Barnaviridae – Barnavirus	Replicase	Revill et al. (1994)
Polemovirus	Replicase	aus dem Siepen et al. (2005)
Luteoviridae – Polerovirus, Enamovirus	Replicase	Demler & de Zoeten (1991); Prüfer et al. (1992); Garcia et al. (1993)
Luteoviridae – Luteovirus	Replicase	Brault & Miller (1992)
Umbravirus	Replicase	Demler et al. (1993); Gibbs et al. (1996)
Tombusviridae – Dianthovirus	Replicase	Xiong et al. (1993); Kim & Lommel (1994); Tajima et al. (2011)
Totiviridae – Trichomonasvirus (Trichomonas vaginalis viruses 2, 3 and 4)	Replicase	Bessarab et al. (2000); Bessarab et al. (2011)
Totiviridae – Totivirus (Saccharomyces cerevisiae viruses L–A and L–BC, Tuber aestivum virus 1, black raspberry virus F)	Replicase	Diamond et al. (1989); Dinman et al. (1991)
Totiviridae – Giardiavirus	Replicase	Wang et al. (1993); Li et al. (2001)
Totiviridae – ‘Artivirus, (penaeid shrimp infectious myonecrosis virus, Armigeres subalbatus virus, Drosophila melanogaster totivirus, Omono River virus)	Replicase	Nibert (2007); Zhai et al. (2010); Wu et al. (2010); Isawa et al. (2011)
Unclassified Totiviridae (Lentinula edodes mycovirus, Phlebiopsis gigantea mycovirus 1, Phlebiopsis gigantea mycovirus 2, Fusarium graminearum mycovirus 3, piscine myocarditis virus, grapevine associated totivirus 2)	Replicase	Ohta et al. (2008); Kozlakidis et al. (2009); Yu et al. (2009); Haugland et al. (2011); Al Rwahnih et al. (2011)
Unclassified dsRNA viruses (Rosellinia necatrix megabirnavirus, Spissistilus festinus virus 1, Circulifer tenellus virus 1)	Replicase	Chiba et al. (2009); Spear et al. (2010)
Retroviridae – Lentivirus, Alpharetrovirus	Reverse transcriptase (Gag–Pol)	Jacks & Varmus (1985); Jacks et al. (1988a); Jacks et al. (1988b); Morikawa & Bishop (1992)
Retroviridae – Betaretrovirus, Deltaretrovirus	Reverse transcriptase (Gag–Pro–Pol)	Moore et al. (1987); Jacks et al. (1987); Nam et al. (1988); Mador et al. (1989); Nam et al. (1993)
Unclassified ssRNA+ viruses – Acyrthosiphon pisum virus, rosy apple aphid virus	CP-extension	van der Wilk et al. (1997)
Togaviridae – Alphavirus	TF	Firth et al. (2008); Chung et al. (2010)
Flaviviridae – Flavivirus (Japanese encephalitis serogroup)	NS1′	Firth & Atkins (2009); Melian et al. (2010)
Flaviviridae – Flavivirus (insect-specific flaviviruses)	FIFO	Firth et al. (2010)
Picornaviridae – Cardiovirus	2B*	Loughran et al. (2011)