Table 1.
Number and percentage of avian- and mammalian-derived bloodmeals from the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tarsalis in the Coachella Valley, Riverside County, 2007–2009
| Host |
Cx. pipiens complex
|
Cx. tarsalis
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CO2a | GRb | Total | % total | % chickc,d | CO2a | GRb | STe | Total | % total | % chickc,d | |
| Avian | |||||||||||
| Chicken, Gallus gallus | 167 | 23 | 190 | 47.6 | 4.2bcd | 12 | 3 | 15 | 16.0 | 1.4a | |
| House finch, Carpodacus mexicanus | 6 | 19 | 25 | 6.3 | 13.3a | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | ||
| Mourning dove, Zenaida macroura | 8 | 16 | 24 | 6.0 | 12.6a | 4 | 4 | 4.3 | 5.8a | ||
| House sparrow, Passer domesticus | 13 | 7 | 20 | 5.0 | 7.0abc | 3 | 3 | 3.2 | 1.4a | ||
| Greater roadrunner, Geococcyx californianus | 1 | 18 | 19 | 4.8 | 10.5ab | ||||||
| Northern mockingbird, Mimus polyglottos | 2 | 11 | 13 | 3.3 | 7.0abc | 2 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | ||
| Common raven, Corvus corax | 5 | 5 | 1.3 | 3.5cd | |||||||
| Great-tailed grackle, Quiscalus mexicanus | 5 | 5 | 1.3 | 2 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | ||||
| Verdin, Auriparus flaviceps | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1.3 | 2.1cd | ||||||
| Barn owl, Tyto alba | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1.0 | 0.7d | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4.3 | 4.3a |
| Gambel’s quail, Callipepla gambelii | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1.0 | 2.8cd | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.2 | 4.3a | |
| Abert’s towhee, Pipilo aberti | 3 | 3 | 0.8 | 1.4d | |||||||
| Brewer’s blackbird, Euphagus cyanocephalus | 3 | 3 | 0.8 | 1.4d | 2 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | |||
| Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia | 3 | 3 | 0.8 | 2.1cd | |||||||
| Eurasian collared-dove, Streptopelia decaocto | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0.8 | 2.1cd | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | ||
| European starling, Sturnus vulgaris | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.8 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | ||||
| Great Horned owl, Bubo virginianus | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.8 | |||||||
| Western scrub-jay, Aphelocoma californica | 3 | 3 | 0.8 | 2.1cd | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||
| Wild turkey, Meleagris gallopavo | 3 | 3 | 0.8 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | |||||
| Brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.7d | ||||||
| Cactus wren, Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 1.4d | ||||||
| Common ground-dove, Columbina passerina | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.7d | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3.2 | 4.3a | |
| Prarie falcon, Falco mexicanus | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 1.4d | |||||||
| Western kingbird, Tyrannus verticalis | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.7d | ||||||
| White-winged dove, Zenaida asiatica | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 1.4d | |||||||
| American robin, Turdus migratorius | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| Black-tailed gnatcatcher, Polioptila melanura | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||
| Brewer’s sparrow, Spizella breweri | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | |||||||
| Green heron, Butorides virescens | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||
| Inca dove, Columbina inca | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | 2 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | |||
| Indian peafowl, Pavo cristatus | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||
| Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | |||||||
| Rock pigeon, Columba livia | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | |||||||
| Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | |||||||
| Western bluebird, Sialia mexicana | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | |||||||
| Western tanager, Piranga ludoviciana | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | |||||||
| Yellow warbler, Dendroica petechia | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 0.7d | |||||||
| Yellow-rumped warbler, Dendroica coronata | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| American kestrel, Falco sparverius | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.2 | 4.3a | ||||||
| American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | ||||||||
| Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||||||
| Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | ||||||
| Caspian tern, Sterna caspia | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | ||||||||
| Cooper’s hawk, Accipiter cooperii | 2 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | |||||||
| Great blue heron, Ardea herodias | 2 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | |||||||
| Least bittern, Ixobrychus exilis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3.2 | 4.3a | ||||||
| Marsh wren, Cistothorus palustris | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | ||||||||
| Pied-billed grebe, Podilymbus podiceps | 2 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | |||||||
| Ruby-crowned kinglet, Regulus calendula | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||||||
| Song sparrow, Melospiza melodia | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||||||
| Undetermined duck, Anas sp. | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | ||||||||
| Mammalian | |||||||||||
| Domestic dog, Canis familiaris | 13 | 9 | 22 | 5.5 | 11.9a | 4 | 4 | 4.3 | 5.8a | ||
| Black rat, Rattus rattusf | 7 | 7 | 1.8 | 0.7d | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||
| Domestic cat, Felis catus | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.8 | 0.7d | ||||||
| Coyote, Canis latrans | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| Desert cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | ||||
| Black-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus californicus | 2 | 2 | 2.1 | 2.9a | |||||||
| Domestic cow, Bos taurus | 5 | 5 | 5.3 | 7.2a | |||||||
| Domestic horse, Equus caballus | 7 | 7 | 7.4 | 5.8a | |||||||
| House mouse, Mus musculus | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||||||
| Human, Homo sapiens | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||||||
| Raccoon, Procyon lotor | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||||||
| White-throated woodrat, Neotoma albigula | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | |||||||
| Mixed bloodmeals | |||||||||||
| Chicken/common ground-dove | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1.4a | ||||
| Chicken/house sparrow | 1 | 1 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| Total 63 species | 243 | 156 | 399 | n = 143 | 75 | 9 | 10 | 94 | n = 69 | ||
a
Dry ice–baited CDC trap.
b
Gravid trap.
c
Percentages exclude sites with sentinel chicken flocks.
d
Percentages with different lowercase letters indicate that they are significantly different by chi-square test (P < 0.05).
e
Suction trap (no bait).
f
These samples were identified in BOLD as Rattus tanezumi, but they are probably Rattus rattus Lineage II (Aplin et al. 2011) per personal communication with C. Conroy (Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California–Berkeley).