Table 2.
Bacterial species, factors, and effects
| Bacterial species | Bacterial factor | Effect |
|---|---|---|
| Anaplasma phagocytophilum | ? | Histone deacetylation and silencing of host defense genes |
| AnkA | Binding to chromatin at AT-rich sequences; silencing of CYBB | |
| Bacillus anthracis | LT | Inhibition of MAPK and of H3S10p and down-regulation of IL-8 and KC genes. |
| Campylobacter rectus | ? | Hypermethylation in the promoter region P0 of the IGF2 gene in the murine-infected placenta |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | NUE | Methylation of mammalian histones |
| Escherichia coli (uropathogenic) | ? | DNA methylation and down-regulation of CDKN2A |
| Ehrlichia chaffeensis | Binding to chromatin at Alu-Sx elements | |
| Helicobacter pylori | Induction of DNA methylation in gastric mucosa | |
| Induction of H3 modifications | ||
| Induction of miRNA expression | ||
| Induction of RNA splicing factors | ||
| Legionella pneumophila | Flagellin | Histone acetylation in infected lung epithelial cells |
| Listeria | ? | Acetylation of H4 and phosphorylation/acetylation of H3, in particular at the IL-8 promoter and decreased binding of HDAC1 at the IL8 promoter in Listeria-infected endothelial cells |
| LLO | Histone modifications and modulation of host defense genes by a signaling pathway involving K+ efflux | |
| ? | Down-regulation of ISG by BAHD1-associated complex in epithelial cells | |
| LntA | Up-regulation of ISG by LntA-mediated inhibition of BAHD1-associated complex | |
| ? | Change in expression of a subset of host miRNAs | |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | Reduction in the global expression and activity of HDAC1/2 in airway epithelial cells | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Control of chromatin complex at ISG downstream from IFN-γ | |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | Reactivation of latent viruses via chromatin modification induced by butyric acid | |
| Salmonella | Change in expression of a subset of host miRNAs | |
| Shigella flexneri | OspF | Down-regulation of MAP kinase in the nucleus by eliminylation; inhibition of phosphorylation of H3S10; down-regulation of immune response genes inhibition of NF-κB chromatin access leading to the inactivation of IL-8 and other genes essential for innate immune responses |
| OspB | Binding to Rb | |
| IpaH9.3 | Ubiquitin ligase, which targets a splicing factor for degradation and impairs splicing | |
| Bacterial product | LPS | Inducer of innate immunity via activation of TLR4-mediated responses and the production of proinflammatory cytokines; induces immunosuppression by chromatin modifications on repeated challenge |
| Butyrate | Inhibition of HDAC activity |
LT, lethal toxin; LLO, listeriolysin O; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.