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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jan 11.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetologia. 2012 Feb 15;55(5):1446–1457. doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2477-5

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of insulin on basal and insulin-stimulated enzyme activities of total aPKC (panel a), Akt2 (panel b), IRS-1-dependent PI3K (panel c) and IRS-2-dependent PI3K (panel d) in hepatocytes of non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic humans. Hepatocytes of all subjects, 5 non-diabetic and 5 type 2 diabetic (T2DM), were compared simultaneously during a 15-minute incubation with or without 100nmol/l insulin. Shown in panel e are representative immunoblots of levels and autoradiograms portraying PI3K activity of IRS-1 and IRS-2, auto(trans)phosphorylation of "PKC-ι/ζ (threonine-555/560), PDK2-dependent phosphorylation of Akt1/2 (serine-473), and levels of "PKC-ι, "PKC-ι/ζ (total aPKC) and Akt1/2. Bargram values are mean ± SEM of 5 patients. Asterisks [*, P<0.05; **, P P<0.01; ***, P<0.001] reflect P values (ANOVA) of adjacent basal and insulin-stimulated groups. Crosses [†, P<0.05; ††, P<0.01; †††, P<0.001] reflect P values of basal versus basal groups, or insulin-stimulated versus insulin-stimulated groups.

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