Figure 2.
Effects of aPKC inhibitors, ICAPP and ATM, on basal and insulin-stimulated total aPKC activity (panel a), "PKC-ι expression (panel b), Akt2 activity (panel c) and PKC-ζ expression (panel d) in hepatocytes of non-diabetic and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) humans. Incubation time, 4 or 6 hours with or without 1µmol/l insulin (values at both times were comparable and therefore pooled). Bargram values, normalized to unity, are mean ± SEM of findings in 5–8 patients. Asterisks reflect significant differences (*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01: ***, P<0.001; ANOVA) between bracketed groups. Representative immunoblots reflecting changes in basal, insulin stimulated, and inhibitor-treated levels of phospho-threonine-555/560-"PKC-ι/ζ, "PKC-ι, PKC-ζ and "PKC-ι/ζ ( total aPKC) are shown at right in panel e.