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. 2012 Dec 12;12:236. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-236

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Copyright ©2012 Mattioli et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Exogenous proline treatment of anthers and pollen from p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 plants. To confirm a proline requirement for pollen development and functionality 10 μM proline was supplied either in vitro to germinating pollens (C,D,G,H) or in planta to developing anthers (A,B,E,F). While in vitro proline treatment of pollen from p5cs1 p5cs2/P5CS2 plants produces no differences in germination percentage (E, F), in planta supplementation gives rise to a significant improvement of germination efficiency (G, H). Bars = 50 μm. Values in (E to F) represent the means of four independent experiments ± SE.