Table 2. Program characteristics for universal multi-modal programs.
| Citation | N | Sample (age) | Program | Comparison Group | Control group | Program Leader | No. Sessions | Outcome Measures | Post-test effect-size (months) | Follow-up effect-size (months) | Quality Rating |
| Bond et al. [77] | 2678 | Secondary School (M = 14) | GP | - | U | T | 20 (median) | Any use past 6 months | 0.01b | −0.03b(12), 0.12b(24) | 3 |
| Ellickson et al. [78] | 4689 | 7th & 8th grade (NA) | ALERT Revised | ALERT Revised | TU | T | 11+3 boosters | Lifetime use, Monthly use, Weekly use | NA | 0.15* (18), 0.08* (18), 0.08* (18) | 5 |
| Faggiano et al. [52],[53] | 7079 | Junior High School (12–14) | EU-Dap | Basic, Basic+Peer, Basic+Parent | NT | T, T+PL, T+P | 12–15 | Any use, Frequent use | 0.14* b c (3), 0.15* b c (3) | 0.10b c (18), 0.17* b c (18) | 5 |
| Johnson et al. [79] | 1607 | 6th & 7th Grade (NA) | MPP | - | MC | T | 10 | 30 day use | NA | 0.08e (36) | 4 |
| Schinke et al. [40] | 514 | Youth (10–12, M = 11.5) | - | CD-Rom, CD-Rom+ P | U | NAa, P | 10+annual booster | Past 30 day use | 1.96*, 2.61* | 2.86* (12), 1.63* (24), 1.99* (36), 5.26* (12), 1.98* (24), 2.38* (36) | 8 |
| Spoth et al. [44] | 667 | 6th Grade (NA) | ISFP & PDFY | ISFP, PDFY | MC | PW | 5, 7 | New user proportion | NA | 0.90* (48), 0.49* (48) | 4 |
| Spoth et al. [80] | 1664 | 7th grade (NA) | LST & SFP 10–14 | LST Only, LST+SFP 10–14 | TU | T, T & PW | LST:15+5 booster, SFP: 7+4 booster | New user proportion- | NA | 0.68* (12), 0.75* (12) | 6 |
| Werch et al. [51] | 448 | 8th grade (M = 13.4) | STARS & STARS Plusl | STARS, STARS Plus | MC | HP | 1+8 Postcards, Postcards Only | 30-day use | 0.06d(3), −0.03d(3) | NA | 4 |
Note. GP = Gatehouse Project, EU-DAP = European Drug Abuse Prevention, MPP: Midwestern Prevention Program, ISFP = Iowa Strengthening Families Program, PDFY = Preparing for the Drug Free Years, LST = Life Skills Training, SFP 10–14 = Strengthening Families Program: For Parents and Youth 10–14. U = Unclear/Unspecified, TU = Treatment as usual, NT = No Treatment, MC = Minimal Contact Control. T = Teacher, PL = Peer Leader, P = Parent, NA = Not applicable/Not available, PW = Project Worker, HP = Health Professional.
This is a CD-Rom based intervention program facilitator is thus not applicable.
Cohen's d calculated using odds ratio.
Results were collapsed across comparison groups and analyses were treated as all intervention versus control.
Cohen's d was reported by study authors.
Cohen's d calculated using chi-square.
Statistically significant as 95% CI does not contain zero.