Table 2.
Characteristics of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, 1995-2010.
| Characteristic | n/Total * (%) | Non-smokers | Light smokers † | Heavy smokers ‡ |
P value § |
P value § § |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/Total (%) | n/Total (%) | n/Total (%) | ||||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (Years) (Mean, SD¶) | 45.45 (17.61) | 46.86 (18.71) | 41.18 (15.91) | 40.81 (11.87) | <0.001# | <0.001 |
| Men | 627/1062 (59.0) | 397/802 (49.5) | 167/195 (85.6) | 63/65 (96.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Any formal education | 338/1061 (31.9) | 417/802 (52.0) | 118/195 (60.5) | 48/65 (73.25) | 0.037 | 0.06 |
| Work outside the home | 583/1062 (54.9) | 417/802 (52.0) | 118/195 (60.5) | 48/65 (73.25) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Access to Social Security | 373/1062 (35.1) | 288/802 (35.9) | 66/195 (33.8) | 19/65 (29.2) | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Alcohol consumption | 475/1062 (44.7) | 259/802 (32.3) | 159/195 (81.5) | 57/65 (87.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Illegal drug use | 58/1062 (5.5) | 8/802 (1.0) | 28/195 (14.4) | 22/65 (33.8) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Homelessness or imprisonment | 37/1060 (3.5) | 19/800 (2.4) | 13/195 (6.7) | 5/65 (7.7) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Distance to nearest health center (meters), (Median, IQR**) |
705 (422-1053) | 726 (430-1127) | 635 (398-972) | 644 (374-900) | 0.8 †† | 0.007 |
| Rural residence | 137/1062 (12.9) | 115/802 (14.3) | 18/195 (9.2) | 4/65 (6.2) | 0.040 | 0.024 |
| Household with earthen floor | 234/1023 (22.9) | 191/768 (24.9) | 36/191 (18.8) | 7/64 (10.9) | 0.013 | 0.017 |
| Crowding | 336/1023 (32.84) | 246/769 (32.0) | 66/190 (34.7) | 24/64 (37.5) | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Body Mass Index < 18 | 241/1061 (22.7) | 178/801 (22.2) | 44/195 (22.6) | 19/65 (29.2) | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| HIV Infection | 21/1036 (2.0) | 13/782 (1.7) | 5/192 (2.6) | 3/62 (4.8) | 0.2 | 0.1 |
| Diabetes | 348/1062 (32.8) | 281/802 (35.0) | 51/195 (26.2) | 16/65 (24.6) | 0.021 | 0.1 |
| More than 10 bacilli per oil immersion field | 281/1062 (26.5) | 203/802 (25.3) | 50/195 (25.6) | 28/65 (43.1) | 0.007 | 0.1 |
| New patient upon enrollment | 929/1062 (87.5) | 692/802 (86.3) | 178/195 (91.3) | 59/65 (90.8) | 0.1 | 0.6 |
| Hemoptysis | 362/1058 (34.2) | 252/799 (31.5) | 82/194 (42.3) | 28/65 (43.1) | 0.006 | 0.038 |
| Fever | 300/777 (38.6) | 207/577(35.8) | 67/151 (44.37) | 26/49 (53.1) | 0.016 | 0.004 |
| Weight loss | 906/1039 (87.2) | 682/782 (87.2) | 165/192 (85.9) | 59/65 (90.8) | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| Cavitations | 391/930 (42.0) | 307/707 (43.4) | 58/166 (34.9) | 26/57 (45.6) | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| Night sweating | 754/1060 (71.1) | 556/801 (69.4) | 146/194 (75.3) | 52/65 (80.0) | 0.1 | 0.4 |
| Time elapsed between onset of symptoms and treatment (days), (Median, IQR**) |
107(65-186) | 110(67-193) | 94 (55-168) | 135 (77-180) | 0.034 †† | 0.4 |
| Mycobacteriology | ||||||
| Drug test | ||||||
| Sensitive | 147/919 (16.0) | 108/688 (15.7) | 25/170 (14.7) | 14/61 (23.0) | 0.4 | |
| Resistance other than joint resistance to isoniazid and rifampin |
729/919 (79.3) | 546/688 (79.4) | 139/170 (81.8) | 44/61 (72.1) | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| Joint resistance to isoniazid and rifampin | 43/919 (4.7) | 34/688 (4.9) | 6/170 (3.5) | 3/61 (4.9) | 0.6 | |
| IS6110 cluster | 175/946 (18.5) | 135/712 (19.0) | 29/171 (17.0) | 11/63 (17.5) | 0.8 | 0.6 |
*
Because there were missing values for the characteristics of some of the tuberculosis patients, several of the numbers below do not sum to the group total.
†
Light smokers: Individuals smoking 1-10 cigarettes per day.
‡
Heavy smokers: Individuals smoking >10 cigarettes per dya.
§
Chi-square test with R × C contingency tables
§ §
Chi-square test for trends
¶
D: Standard deviation.
#
Kruskal-Wallis test
**
IQR: Inter-quartile range.
††
One way ANOVA.