Table I.
Clinical Information for US and CR Participants with TS
| Total (N=218) | US (N=114) | CR (N=104) | (X2/t, P-value)* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent Male | 78.4% | 73.7% | 83.7% | (3.20, 0.07) |
| Mean age at assessment (SD) | 17.8 (12.8) | 23 (14.7) | 12.2 (6.6) | (6.83, <0.001) |
| Age Range (yrs) | 5−75 | 6−75 | 5−41 | |
| Socioeconomic status | (19.92, <0.001) | |||
| Hollingshead score = 1 | 9.5% | 13.0% | 7.5% | |
| Hollingshead score = 2 | 31.1% | 50.0% | 20.2% | |
| Hollingshead score = 3 | 29.7% | 13.0% | 39.4% | |
| Hollingshead score = 4 | 23.7% | 18.5% | 26.6% | |
| Hollingshead score = 5 | 6.1% | 5.6% | 6.4% | |
| Percent with explosive outbursts | 20.2%(N=44) | 24.6%(N=28) | 15.4%(N=16) | (2.84,0.09) |
| OCD diagnosis | 48.6% (N=105) | 75% (N=84) | 20.2% (N=21) | (64.8, <0.001) |
| ADHD diagnosis | 56.5%(N=122) | 56.3% (N=63) | 56.7% (N=59) | (0.01,0.94) |
| OCD+ADHD diagnosis | 30.1% (N=65) | 44.6% (N=50) | 14.4% (N=15) | (65.8, <0.001) |
| Mean age at onset of tics (SD) | 5.9(2.4) (N=13) | 5.4 (2.4) (N=6) | 6.3 (2.4) (N=7) | (−2.66, 0.01) |
| Mean age at onset of OC symptoms (SD) | 7.1 (4.2) (N=15) | 6.8 (4.0) (N=8) | 8.6 (4.7) (N=9) | (−1.80, 0.08) |
| Mean age at onset of ADHD symptoms (SD) | 4.7 (2.3) (N=10) | 4.5 (2.4) (N=5) | 4.9 (2.2)(N=5) | (−0.83, 0.41) |
| Self injurious behavior (moderate or severe) | 21.8%(N=48) | 33.3%(N=38) 8 | 8.8%(N=9) | (19.00, <0.001) |
| Severe self injurious behavior1 | 2.3%(N=5) | 3.5%(N=4) | 1.0%(N=1) | (F, 0.37)* |
| Maternal family history of tics | 48.8%(N=106) | 47.1%(N=54) | 51.7% (N=54) | (0.32, 0.57) |
| Family history of tics | 77.9%(N=170) | 70.0%(N=80) | 87.6%(N=91) | (8.89, <0.001) |
| Paternal family history of tics | 56.9%(N=124) | 45.1%(N=51) | 72.2%(N=75) | (13.29), <0.001) |
| Mean birth weight (lbs) (SD) | 7.2(1.3) (N=16) | 7.2(1.2) (N=8) | 7.1 (1.4) (N=7) | (0.75, 0.45) |
| Mean total tic severity (motor and phonic tics YGTSS scores) | 34.0 | 38.9 | 28.5 (6.7) | |
| (SD) | (8.3) (N=74) | (6.3) (N=44) | (N=30) | (11.59, <0.001) |
| Referred to study by medical professional | 52.8%(N=115) | 66.7%(N=76) | 37.5%(N=39) | (18.56, <0.001) |
| Drugs during pregnancy | 19.7%(N=43) | 16.2%(N=18) | 23.5%(N=24) | (1.80,0.18) |
| Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy | 5.5%(N=12) | 8.8%(N=10_ | 1.9%(N=2) | (F, 0.03)* |
| Maternal alcohol and illicit drug use during pregnancy | 1.8%(N=4) | 2.6%(N=3) | 1.0%(N=1) | (F, 0.35)* |
| Prenatal Complications 2 | 12.0%(N=26) | 7.9%(N=9) | 16.5%(N=17) | (3.80, 0.05) |
| Nuchal-cord or Hypoxia | 9.2%(N=20) | 11.4%(N=13) | 6.8%(N=7) | (1.37, 0.24) |
| Forceps or Suction | 8.8%(N=19) | 11.4%(N=13) | 5.8%(N=6) | (2.11,0.15) |
| Emergency C-Section | 20.3%(N=44) | 21.9%(N=25) | 18.5%(N=19) | (0.41,0.52) |
| Traumatic Delivery | 11.6%(N=25) | 6.2%(N=7) | 17.5%(N=18) | (6.70, 0.01) |
| Jaundice | 17.1%(N=37) | 19.3%(N=22) | 14.6%(N=15) | (0.86, 0.35) |
| Premature Labor | 10.1%(N=22) | 11.4%(N=13) | 8.7%(N=9) | (0.42, 0.52) |
| Fertility Drugs | 2.9%(N=6) | 1.8%(N=2) | 2.9%(N=3) | (F, 0.67)* |
| Twin birth | 1.8%(N=4) | 2.6%(N=3) | 1.0%(N=1) | (F, 0.62)* |
*
F=Fisher’ s exact test used in place of chi-square.
1
See Methods for definition of severe vs. moderate Self Injurious behavior.
2
Prenatal complications include preeclampsia, threatened abortion, gestational diabetes, and hyperemesis.