Table III.
Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Information for Participants With and Those Without Explosive Outbursts in CR and US samples
| Costa Rican Sample | US Sample | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EO- (N=88) | EO+ (N = 16) |
(X2/t, P- value |
EO- (N=86) | EO+N= 28) |
(X2/t, P- value) |
||
| Percent Male | 83.0% | 87.5% | 0.20, 0.65 | 68.6% | 89.3% | 4.66, 0.03 | |
| Mean age at interview (SD) | 12.2 (0.7) | 11.9 (1.4) | 0.17, 0.87 | 24.1 (1.7) | 19.7 (2.3) | 1.37, 0.17 | |
| Socioeconomic status (Hollingshead score = 1) |
7.5% (N=7) | 7.1% (N=1) | 15.6%(N=13) | 0%(N=0) | |||
| Socioeconomic status (Hollingshead score = 2) |
20.0%(N=18) | 21.4%(N=3) | 48.9%(N=42) | 55.6%(N=16) | |||
| Socioeconomic status (Hollingshead score = 3) |
37.5%(N=33) | 50.0%(N=8) | 13.3%(N=11) | 11.1%(N=3) | |||
| Socioeconomic status (Hollingshead score = 4) | 27.5%(N=24) | 21.4%(N=3) | 17.8%(N=15) | 22.2%(N=6) | |||
| Socioeconomic status (Hollingshead score = 5) | 7.5%(N=7) | 0%(N=0) | 1.70, 0.79 | 4.4%(N=4) | 11.1%(N=3) | 2.18, 0.70 | |
| Referred to study by medical professional |
36.4%(N=32) | 43.8%(N=7) | 0.32, 0.58 | 63.9%(N=55) | 75.0%(N=21) | 1.16, 0.28 | |
| OCD | 19.3%(N=17) | 25.0%(N=4) | 0.27, 0.60 | 71.4%(N=61) | 85.7%(N=24) | 2.28, 0.13 | |
| ADHD | 54.6%(N=48) | 68.8%(N=11) | 1.11, 0.29 | 46.4%(N=40) | 85.7%(N=24) |
13.2, <0.0001 |
|
| Mean age at onset of tic symptoms (SD) |
6.5 (0.3) | 5.2 (0.6) | 2.06, 0.04 | 5.7 (0.3) | 4.6 (0.3) | 2.08, 0.04 | |
| Mean age at onset of OC symptoms (SD) |
8.8 (1.3) | 7.8 (1.1) | 0.40, 0.70 | 6.4 (0.5) | 7.7 (1.0) | −1.4, 0.16 | |
| Mean age of onset of ADHD symptoms (SD) |
5.1 (0.3) | 3.9 (0.8) | 1.55, 0.12 | 4.6 (0.4) | 4.4 (0.6) | 0.28, 0.78 | |
| Family history of tics | 85.5%(N=75) | 100.0%(N=16) | 2.15, 0.14 | 67.5%(N=58) | 77.8%(N=22) | 1.03, 0.31 | |
| Self injurious behavior | 9.3%(N=8) | 6.3%(N=1) | 0.16, 0.69 | 30.2%(N=26) | 42.9%(N=12) | 1.52, 0.22 | |
| Mean tic severity (motor and phonic tic YGTSS scores) (SD) |
26.0 (8.3) | 28.7(1.2) | −0.87, 0.39 | 38.5(0.7) | 39.6 (1.1) | −0.71, 0.76 | |
| Maternal tobacco use during pregnancy |
2.3%(N=2) | 0%(N=0) | 0.38, 0.54 | 5.8%(N=5) | 17.9%(N=5) | 3.83, 0.05 | |
| Maternal alcohol and illicit drugs during pregnancy |
0%(N=0) | 6.25%(N=1) | 5.49, 0.02 | 3.5%(N=3) | 0%(N=0) | 1.00, 0.32 | |
| Drugs during pregnancy | 25.6%(N=23) | 12.5%(N=2) | 1.28, 0.26 | 16.7%(N=14) | 14.8%(N=4) | 0.39, 0.82 | |
| Prenatal complications | 17.2%(N=15) | 12.5%(N=2) | 0.22, 0.64 | 8.1%(N=7) | 7.1%(N=2) | 0.03, 0.87 | |
| Nuchal cord/Hypoxia | 5.8%(N=5) | 12.5%(N=2) | 0.97, 0.32 | 12.8%(N=11) | 7.1%(N=2) | 0.67, 0.41 | |
| Forceps/Suction delivery | 5.6%(N=5) | 6.3%(N=1) | 0.01, 0.94 | 12.8%(N=11) | 7.1%(N=2) | 0.67, 0.41 | |
| Emergency C-Section | 16.1%(N=14) | 31.3%(N=5) | 2.06, 0.15 | 19.8%(N=17) | 28.6%(N=8) | 0.96. 0.33 | |
| Traumatic delivery | 14.9%(N=13) | 31.3%(N=5) | 2.49, 0.11 | 5.8%(N=5) | 7.1%(N=2) | 0.05, 0.81 | |
| Jaundice | 17.2%(N=15) | 0%(N=0) | 3.22, 0.07 | 17.4%(N=15) | 25.0%(N=7) | 0.77, 0.38 | |
| Premature labor | 9.2%(N=8) | 6.3%(N=1) | 0.15, 0.70 | 10.5%(N=9) | 14.3%(N=4) | 0.31, 0.58 | |
| Fertility drugs | 3.5%(N=3) | 0%(N=0) | 0.57, 0.45 | 0(N=0) | 7.1%(N=2) | 6.25, 0.01 | |
| Twin birth | 1.2%(N=1) | 0%(N=0) | 0.19, 0.67 | 1.2%(N=1) | 7.1%(N=2) | 2.95 0.09 | |
| Birth weight (lbs) | 7.2 (0.3) | 7.3 (1.0) | −0.05, 0.95 | 7.2 (0.2) | 7.1 (0.1) | 0.77, 0.44 | |