Fig. 3.

Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies following UTMD transfection in chow and diet-induced obese mice. Wild-type mice were fed either commercial chow or 60% high-fat (HF) diet at the age of 6 wk. After 12 wk HF diet, we used UTMD to deliver either pGL3 (EV) or fAd plasmid to hind leg skeletal muscles. Seven days post-UTMD, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed to assess whole body glucose homeostasis on three animal groups: chow-fed UTMD-EV, 60% HFD UTMD-EV, and 60% HFD UTMD-fAd. Jugular vein and carotid artery catheters were embedded in animals 4 days before the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure, and clamps were performed on animals after 5–6 h starvation. Blood samples were collected during the clamp procedure, and calculations were made based on the radioactivity readings from serum to represent whole body glucose metabolism. A: glucose infusion rate (GIR) (mg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹). B: glucose turnover rate (post-to-basal ratio). R_a, glucose appearance rate; R_d, glucose disappearance rate; basal, before insulin clamp; post, after insulin clamp. C: glycolytic rate (mg·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹). Data represent means ± SE. *P < 0.05 vs. Chow (UTMD-EV) group and #P < 0.05 vs. 60% HF-fed UTMD-EV. βP < 0.05 vs. basal (before insulin clamp) within the same diet and treatment group; n = 4–5.