Fig. 4.
Metformin improves IPH-PAEC scratch recovery through AMPK activation. The gaps after 24 h of recovery (A) decreased in the presence of Metformin 5 × 10−6 M (B), 5 × 10−5 M (C), and 5 × 10−4 M (D). All 3 concentrations of Metformin improved the scratch recovery, but no difference was seen among the 3 treatment groups (E). The effect of Compound C on scratch recovery was obtained 6 h after the scratch. Compared with the untreated IPH-PAEC (F), the gaps were increased after Compound C treatment (G). Metformin treatment decreased the gaps (H), but this effect was abolished by Compound C (I). Compound C inhibited scratch recovery in the presence/absence of Metformin (J). *P < 0.05 compared with untreated IPH-PAEC. #P < 0.05 compared with Metformin-only-treated IPH-PAEC. †P < 0.05 compared with Compound C-treated IPH-PAEC.