Fig. 2.

MD simulation of the nanopore trap. Left: Snapshots of the simulated systems that include dsDNA and water and ions (not shown) as well as a 2.0 nm diameter pore. Right: The number of base-pairs permeating through the pore in four MD simulations carried out at different biases. The simulations predict a voltage threshold between 500 mV and 1.0 V. Inset: Normalized histogram of the DNA displacement in the pore constriction at a 0 V bias. The solid line shows the distribution expected for a particle restrained by a harmonic spring with a 7.2 nN nm⁻¹ spring constant. Adapted from ref. ¹⁹.